煤—焦炉气共热解特性的研究：温度的影响

利用高压热天平和１０ｇ固定床反应器考察了温度对兖州烟煤与焦炉气共热解的失重行为、热解产物分布以及脱硫脱氮的影响。随热解温度升高共热解在３００～５５０℃和６００～７００℃间出现明显失重峰。煤焦炉气共热解与加氢热解失重行为相似，均发生热分解反应和加氢反应。在实验温度范围（４５０～６５０℃）内，温度升高有利于提高焦油收率、热解水含量以及脱硫脱氮率，同时半焦收率降低。相同热解条件（压力为３ＭＰａ，终温为６５０℃）下，与煤在氮气气氛下热解相比，煤焦炉气共热解和加氢热解所得半焦收率均降低，焦油收率、热解水及脱硫脱氮率明显增加。与相同总压的加氢热解相比，煤焦炉气共热解半焦和热解水收率增加，焦油收率降低，脱硫率相当且脱氮率降低     

煤-焦炉气共热解特性研究Ⅱ.热解半焦燃烧反应性的研究

实验采用ＴＧ１５１型高压热天平对不同热解压力和热解升温速率下煤焦炉气共热解半焦燃烧反应性进行了考察。主要考察半焦燃烧的特征参数如着火温度（Ｔｉ）、最大燃烧速率峰温（ＴＭ）和燃尽温度（Ｔｆ），最大燃烧速率（ＲＭ）以及燃尽时间（ｔ），通过燃烧特征参数（燃尽时间ｔ）和ＴＧ及ＤＴＧ数据的相关动力学分析（Ｒｆ图）来描述半焦燃烧反应性能。结果表明，热解压力越高，其半焦燃烧反应性越差，在慢速升温情况下尤为明显；热解升温速率越快其半焦燃烧反应性越好，在较高压力下更为明显。先锋褐煤与焦炉气共热解半焦的反应活性与其加氢热解半焦的反应活性相当，但两者均略低于氮气氛下热解半焦的反应性。     

煤—焦炉气共热解特性研究

实验采用了生５１型高压热天平地不同热解压力的热解升温速度下煤－焦炉气共热解半焦燃烧反应性进行了考察。主要考察半焦燃烧的特征参数如着火温度（Ｔｉ）、最大燃烧速率峰温（ＴＭ）和燃尽温度（Ｔｆ），最大燃烧速度（ＲＭ）以及燃尽时间（ｔ），通过燃烧特征参数（燃尽时间ｔ）和ＴＧ及ＤＴＧ数据的相关动力学分析（Ｒ－ｆ图）来描述半焦燃烧反应性能，结果表明，热解压力越高，其半焦燃烧反应性越差，在慢速升温情况下尤为明显     

煤多段加氢热解过程的脱硫脱氮效应研究

对红庙高硫煤在不同升温速率下多段加氢热解过程所得半焦的元素组成进行了详细的分析,并与传统加氢热解过程的结果进行了比较。结果表明：与传统加氢热解过程相比,多段加氢热解过程脱硫率明显增加,被脱除的硫以易于回收利用的H2S形式逸出;与硫的变化相似,多段加氢热解过程使得煤中氮也更多地转移到易处理的气相中,从而获得更为洁净的半焦;就多段脱硫、脱氮而言,快速升温过程优于慢速升温。     

神木煤显微组分加氢热解的TG/MS研究

在TG-151热天平上考察了神木煤显微组分加氢热解的热重特性；用质谱对加氢热解气体进行了在线检测分析。结果表明，镜质组比惰质组有较高的挥发分收率和最大失重速率；较低的起始热解温度和热解峰温。镜质组有较高的C1～C4轻质烃类和C6～C8芳香烃类收率，原煤居中，惰质组最少；镜质组比惰质组有较高的水生成， 加氢热解过程中各种烃类和水的逸出都高于相应热解下的。     

钠、钙、铁对模型化合物热解及燃烧过程中氮逸出规律的影响

将卟唑在650℃，12MPa焦化条件下所得产物作为含氮模型化合物，在固定床反应器中研究了该模型化合物热解及燃烧过程中氮的逸出行为。结果表明，热解温度低于900℃时燃料氮主要停留在半焦中，HCN和NH3只占很小的部分；催化热解使HCN的量相对减少，NH3相对增加；半焦的反应性和燃烧条件影响半焦氮氧化生成NO，半焦的反应性越高，半焦氮对于NO的转化率越低；低温下催化剂使半焦氮对于NO的转化率升高，而高温下则相反。催化剂对于半焦燃烧时NO排放的影响还与半焦的性质有关，同一催化剂在相同的燃烧条件下对不同半焦燃烧的NO释放有不同的影响，预示半焦的性质和催化剂之间也有一定的匹配性。     

氢气压力对煤加氢反应影响的热重-气相色谱实验研究

采用加压热重分析仪和气相色谱仪联用的方法研究了府谷烟煤和海拉尔褐煤加氢反应过程中的失重规律和主要气体产物析出规律,升温速率15℃/min,压力0.1~5.0MPa,反应终温1000℃。实验结果表明,煤粉加氢反应主要分为初始干燥脱气、热分解及挥发分加氢,半焦加氢气化和焦炭加氢气化四个阶段。氢气压力的提高促进了挥发分自由基的加氢反应,抑制了含氧官能团脱除形成碳氧化物。在热分解及挥发分加氢阶段,府谷烟煤失重速率随氢气压力的升高而减小,氢气压力对海拉尔褐煤失重速率的影响不大。在半焦加氢气化阶段,CH₄生成速率随氢气压力的升高而增大,当氢气压力较高时(3~5MPa),海拉尔褐煤CH₄生成速率随氢气压力的升高不再增大。海拉尔褐煤O_daf较高,其半焦中含氧官能团提供的活性位较多。府谷烟煤H/C原子比较高,能提供更多的内部氢。府谷烟煤和海拉尔褐煤焦炭加氢反应动力学参数分别为k₀=2.38×10⁷ (min^-1·MPa^-1),E=231kJ/mol,n=1和k₀=2.64×10³ (min^-1·MPa^-0.736),E=127kJ/mol,n=0.736。     

富氢气氛下煤热解脱硫脱氮的研究

本文对兖州高硫煤在１０ｍｌ固定床反应器中分别与相当条件下的焦炉煤气、合成气、氢气共热解所得半焦及焦油元素进行系统的分析比较。结果表明,在压力为３ＭＰａ,温度为６５０℃,升温速率为１０℃／ｍｉｎ相对温和的热解条件下,兖州高硫煤与焦炉气、合成气、氢气共热解脱氮率分别为３０１％、３５７％、４４０％（ｗ％,ａｄ）,脱硫率基本相当约为８０％（ｗ％,ａｄ）,且在此三种热解气氛下煤中硫在热解固、液、气产物中的分布极为相似,分别约为２０％、１０％、７０％。与相当氢分压下的纯氢加氢热解相比,５ＭＰａ焦炉气气氛下兖州煤热解脱硫率增加约４５％,脱氮率降低约３５％。用焦炉气顶替纯氢气进行煤加氢热解具有较大的脱硫优势,这不失为我国高硫煤洁净利用的新途径     

稻秆半焦与CO2气化反应特性的研究

利用三种热解炉装置,分别在热解终温550℃～950℃、加热速率0.1K/s～500K/s下热解制取稻秆半焦。采用等温热重法,在STA409综合热分析仪上进行了稻秆半焦与CO₂的气化实验,考察了热解终温、热解速率以及气化温度对半焦气化反应性的影响。研究表明,热解条件对稻秆半焦的反应性影响很大。在热解终温为550℃～950℃时,随着热解温度的提高,其气化反应性呈下降趋势;热解速率越高,其气化反应性越好。在850℃～950℃,提高气化温度能提高稻秆半焦与CO₂的反应性。采用扫描电镜技术观测了0.1K/s和500K/s 两种热解速率下半焦的表面形貌。结果显示,后者具有更加丰富的孔隙结构,且大孔结构明显多于前者。采用混合反应模型描述了稻秆半焦与CO₂的气化反应过程,求取了反应动力学参数。     

煤及其显微组分热解过程中的半焦收缩动力学

采用显微热台对煤显微组分微粒进行热解, 通过在线拍摄的显微图片能够直观揭示出煤粒热解时呈现的两个阶段——脱挥发分和半焦收缩. 通过对显微图片的图像分析, 获得了煤粒面积随温度变化的热解曲线. 结果表明, 半焦收缩过程由缓慢收缩、过渡收缩和快速收缩三个阶段构成, 活化能、指前因子及速率常数皆随三个阶段依次增大, 其原因在于各段的化学键断裂种类及其键能、生成的自由基碎片及缩聚反应存在不同特点. 就半焦收缩而言, 镜质组的速率常数大于惰质组; 变质程度较低的神东煤及其显微组分的速率常数大于平朔煤及其对应显微组分,即前者显示出较强的半焦收缩反应性.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.