Gemini型碱性离子液体的制备及其在吡啶功能化PVA阴离子膜中的应用

通过两步法合成具有Gemini结构的碱性十二烷基吗啉离子液体([Nbmd]OH).并将制得的离子液体引入吡啶功能化聚乙烯醇(PVA-FP)为基质的阴离子交换膜制备过程中,通过流延法制备PVAFP/[Nbmd]OH复合膜.借助傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、交流阻抗(AC)、热重分析(TGA)及机械性能测试等对复合膜的结构及理化性能进行表征.结果表明,该系列复合膜形貌平整均一,吡啶基团的引入增强了PVA基质膜的热稳定性及耐碱稳定性.[Nbmd]OH离子液体的引入,在提供更多阳离子活性点位的同时,降低了复合膜结晶度,提高了电导率,改善了机械性能.其中,当质量比m(PVA)∶m([Nbmd]OH)=1∶2.5时,复合膜的热分解温度较PVA膜提高75oC;70oC时电导率达到4.42×10~(-2)S?cm~(-1);在80oC,6 mol/L KOH溶液中进行加速老化实验,浸泡400 h后电导率为初始电导率的1.6倍左右,表现出优异的耐碱稳定性;在30oC,3 mol/L甲醇溶液中甲醇透过率仅为Nafion~?-117膜的2.5%~5%,表现出很好的阻醇性能.     

高稳定性化学交联聚乙烯醇/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮碱性固体电解质膜

碱性固体电解质膜的稳定性是影响其在电化学领域应用的一个重要因素.本文在前期研究工作的基础上,通过直接共混和化学交联修饰制备出了聚乙烯醇/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVA/PVP)碱性聚合物电解质膜.采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、热重分析(TGA)、扫描电镜(SEM)和交流阻抗等方法详细考察了复合膜的分子结构、热稳定性、化学稳定性、氧化稳定性和尺寸稳定性.红外光谱结果表明,PVP成功地混入聚合物基体中,在1672cm-1处表现出来自于PVP第I带C襒O的强吸收峰.TGA结果表明,提高掺杂的KOH溶液浓度对PVA/PVP碱性膜的热稳定性没有明显影响.SEM分析结果表明,复合膜经高温、高浓度碱(80℃,10mol·L-1)处理后,其断面结构仍致密均匀,未出现类似小孔等膜降解情况,此时膜电导率(1.58×10-3S·cm-1)相比室温相同碱液时提高91.5%,表明PVA/PVP膜具有很好的耐碱化学稳定性.同时,PVA/PVP碱性膜表现出良好的抗氧化性,在60℃的3%和10%H2O2溶液中处理均没有观察到明显的质量损失,150h后仍能保持原膜质量的89%和85%.此外,由于膜内形成致密的内互交联网络结构,复合膜在水中800h之后也表现出很好的同向性和电导率稳定性.     

聚乙烯醇/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮碱性复合膜的制备及其性能

通过在不同浓度KOH溶液中进行掺杂,制备出了聚乙烯醇/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVA/PVP)碱性聚合物电解质膜.详尽考察了膜的组成、微观结构、热稳定性、离子电导率和甲醇吸收率.结果表明,PVA与PVP两者具有较好的相容性,当m(PVA)∶m(PVP)=1∶0.5时,膜断面致密、均匀,未发生大尺度相分离.PVP的混入可以极大提高复合膜的电导率和热稳定性.当m(PVA)∶m(PVP)=1∶1时,复合膜的电导率可达2.01×10-3 S.cm-1.PVA/PVP/KOH膜的甲醇吸收率随温度的升高没有明显变化,100℃时其甲醇吸收率仅为同条件下Nafion 115膜的1/4.这表明该复合膜有望作为一种新型的碱性直接甲醇燃料电池用固体电解质膜且可提高膜的使用温度.     

用于燃料电池的聚乙烯醇/纤维素/聚乙二醇碱性阴离子交换复合膜的制备及性能

通过对聚乙烯醇(PVA)/季铵化羟乙基乙氧基纤维素(QHECE)共混膜进行聚乙二醇(PEG)聚塑化改性, 采用物理-化学交联联用法制备了PVA/QHECE/PEG碱性阴离子交换复合膜. 通过交流(AC)阻抗、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 热重分析(TGA)、 气相色谱(GC)和拉伸实验等手段考察了不同PEG添加量对膜的离子电导率、 分子结构、 微观形貌、 热稳定性、 力学强度、 甲醇渗透率和耐碱稳定性等性能. 结果表明, PEG的加入(除最小比例外)提高了膜的离子电导率和力学强度并使其柔韧性增大. 同时, 膜的热稳定性比未添加PEG时提高了40℃. 将PVA/QHECE/PEG膜在80℃, 6 mol/L KOH浓碱溶液中浸渍处理264 h, 膜的电导率从1.06×10^-3 S/cm提高到3.88×10^-3 S/cm, 而膜的外观和力学强度及含水率未发生明显变化, 表明该膜具有很好的耐碱化学稳定性. 此外, 以3 mol/L甲醇溶液为测试目标, 膜的甲醇渗透率<10^-7 cm²/s, 仅为商业用Nafion^®膜的1/20~1/40.     

化学交联聚乙烯醇改性纤维素碱性阴离子交换复合膜的制备与性能

高稳定性碱性阴离子交换膜的制备已成为碱性固体电解质膜研究领域的一大热点.本文通过聚乙烯醇化学交联改性制备出了季铵化羟乙基乙氧基纤维素碱性阴离子交换膜（PVA/QHECE）.采用傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱、热重（TG）分析、交流（AC）阻抗等方法考察了复合膜的分子结构、热稳定性、耐碱稳定性及离子电导率等性能.详尽考察了交联时间、交联剂含量、聚合物组成对成膜力学强度、含水率以及OH^-电导率的影响.实验结果表明:随着交联时间的增加,膜的溶胀率降低,力学强度随之增强,而离子电导率随膜含水率的降低没有发生明显变化,室温下OH^-的电导率在3.26×10^-4-4.44×10^-4S·cm^-1范围内变化.热重分析结果显示:掺入42.9%的QHECE时,膜的热分解温度达260℃.此外,将PVA/QHECE膜在6 mol·L^-4 KOH浓碱溶液中80℃浸渍处理168 h,膜的电导率从4.90×10^-4S·cm^-1提高到9.68×10^-4S·cm^-1,而膜的外观和力学强度以及含水率未发生明显变化,这一结果表明该膜具有很好的耐碱化学稳定性,有望作为一种新型的碱性燃料电池用离子交换膜.     

燃料电池用聚乙烯醇基碱性聚合物电解质膜的制备及其性能

通过在不同浓度KOH溶液中进行掺杂,制备出了聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乙烯醇/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVA/PVP)和聚乙烯醇/聚乙二醇二甲醚(PVA/PEGDE)碱性聚合物电解质膜详细考察了膜的外观形貌、微观结构、热稳定性、离子电导率和化学稳定性等.结果表明,PVA与PVP以及PEGDE具有很好的相容性,所制备的复合膜断面致密...     

用于聚合物镍氢电池的新型PVA/SiO2碱性微孔聚合物电解质

采用溶胶凝胶法,结合相转移法和碱液活化法制备了PVA/SiO2碱性微孔聚合物电解质,通过SEM、XRD、交流阻抗法和循环伏安法表征了电解质的结构与电化学性能.研究表明,PVA/5ωSiO2(ω为质量分数)共混膜上的微孔大小合适,聚合物电解质的离子电导率最大可达1.62×10-2 S·cm-1,电化学稳定窗口2V以上;将PVA/SiO2碱性微孔电解质组装成聚合物镁基镍氢电池,与传统镍氢电池相比,循环稳定性大大增加.     

用于聚合物镍氢电池的新型PVA/SiO2碱性微孔聚合物电解质（英文）

采用溶胶凝胶法,结合相转移法和碱液活化法制备了PVA/SiO2碱性微孔聚合物电解质,通过SEM、XRD、交流阻抗法和循环伏安法表征了电解质的结构与电化学性能.研究表明,PVA/5ωSiO2(ω为质量分数)共混膜上的微孔大小合适,聚合物电解质的离子电导率最大可达1.62×10-2 S cm-1,电化学稳定窗口2 V以上;将PVA/SiO2碱性微孔电解质组装成聚合物镁基镍氢电池,与传统镍氢电池相比,循环稳定性大大增加.     

侧链磺化型含氟聚芳醚质子交换膜的制备及性能

在含氟聚芳醚侧链引入磺化萘酚基团,制备了一类侧链磺化型含氟聚芳醚(s SPFAE),采用溶液浇铸法制膜并对膜进行了表征和分析.制备的膜材料离子交换容量达到1.42~2.03 mmol/g,均透明柔韧,杨氏模量高于1.0 GPa,拉伸应变达到66%~105%.吸水性及膨胀性测试结果表明该系列膜具有较低的吸水率和良好的尺寸稳定性,在测试温度范围内(30~90℃)吸水率为21%~51%,尺寸变化率低于7%.s SPFAE膜具有良好的热稳定性及氧化稳定性,TGA测试中320~360℃时的重量损失低于5%,在Fenton溶液中80℃处理1 h后的失重率小于2%.同时,该系列膜表现出较高的电导率水平,如SPFAE-0.8膜(IEC=2.03 mmol/g)在80℃时电导率达到217 m S/cm.     

1,4-双(二苯基膦)丁烷交联的季膦化聚芳醚酮阴离子交换膜

以1,4-双(二苯基膦)丁烷为交联剂,以具有四甲基联苯结构的聚芳醚酮为基体材料,分别制备了刚性三苯基膦和柔性三丁基膦修饰的阴离子交联膜材料.交联剂在交联结构形成的过程中转变成季膦盐,在提高膜材料机械稳定性的同时保持离子交换功能基团的含量.研究了2种阴离子交换膜的尺寸稳定性、电导率、机械性能及耐碱稳定性等.研究结果表明,当交联度为20%时,三苯基膦与三丁基膦修饰的阴离子交换膜的拉伸强度分别由未交联时的27和18 MPa提高到45和30 MPa;交联的膜材料在60℃的3 mol/L KOH溶液中浸泡120 h后,三苯基膦修饰的阴离子交换膜的电导率保留率为81%,三丁基膦修饰的阴离子交换膜的电导率保留率为69%,膜的耐碱稳定性均较未交联时有明显提高.交联度相同时,三苯基膦修饰的阴离子交换膜表现出更高的拉伸强度和更好的耐碱稳定性.     

Modification and characterization of semi-crystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) with interpenetrating poly(acrylic acid) by UV radiation method for alkaline solid polymer electrolytes membrane

Semi-crystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) was modified by UV radiation with acrylic acid monomer to get interpenetrating poly(acrylic acid) modified poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAAA, membrane. The stability of various PVAAA membranes in water, 2 M CH₃OH, 2 M H₂SO₄, and 40 wt% KOH aqueous media were evaluated. It was found that the stability of PVAAA membrane is stable in 40 wt% KOH solution. The PVAAA membranes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry analysis. These results show that (1) the crystallinity in PVAAA decreased with increasing the content of poly(acrylic acid) in the PVAAA membranes. (2) The melting point of the PVAAA membrane is reduced with increasing the content of poly(acrylic acid) in the membrane. (3) Three stages of thermal degradation were found for pure PVA. Compared to pure PVA, the temperature of thermal degradation increased for the PVAAA membrane. The various PVAAA membranes were immersed in KOH solution to form polymer electrolyte membranes, PVAAA-KOH, and their performances for alkaline solid polymer electrolyte were conducted. At room temperature, the ionic conductivity increased from 0.044 to 0.312 S/cm. The result was due to the formation of interpenetrating polymer chain of poly(acrylic acid) in the PVAAA membrane and resulting in the increase of charge carriers in the PVA polymer matrix. Compared to the data reported for different membranes by other studies, our PVAAA membrane are highly ionic conducting alkaline solid polymer electrolytes membranes.     

Properties of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)‐Based Composite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications

The feasibility of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/sulfosuccinic acid(SSA)/heteropolyacid (HPA) composite membranes was investigated to apply for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The composite membranes were prepared by the solution casting method and their properties were examined. The FTIR spectra showed that the Keggin unit of HPA was preserved in the composite membranes and that specific interactions were involved between PVA and HPA. The composite membranes showed uniform distribution of PWA particles in the PVA/SSA/PWA composite membranes by FE‐SEM. The HPA bleeding out was observed to decrease with increasing HPA concentration. The proton conductivity of PVA/SSA/HPA composite membranes improved at low HPA concentration (5‐10 wt.%), while those properties decreased as HPA concentration increased over 10 wt.%.     

Thermal and photochemical stability of poly(vinyl alcohol)/modified lignin blends

A kraft lignin derivative (KLD) obtained by reaction with p-aminobenzoic acid/phthalic anhydride was blended with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by solution casting from DMSO. PVA and PVA/KLD films were exposed to ultraviolet radiation (24, 48, and 96 h) and analyzed by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PVA films show a loss of thermal stability due to irradiation. PVA/KLD reveals greater thermal stability than PVA and an increase in thermal stability after irradiation. These results suggest that the incorporation of KLD into PVA provides a gain in thermal and photochemical stability. FTIR, ¹H NMR, DSC, and TG results obtained for the blends suggest that intermolecular interactions between PVA and KLD chains are present. SEM micrographs revealed blend miscibility for a KLD blend content of up to 15 wt%, as observed at magnification of 1000 times.     

Alkaline Zn-air and Al-air cells based on novel solid PVA/PAA polymer electrolyte membranes

High ionic conducting solid polymer electrolyte membranes (SPEM) had been successfully prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The solution casting method yielded highly hydrophilic membranes with uniform structure that were suitable for electrochemical applications. The room temperature ionic conductivity of the alkaline PVA/PAA polymer electrolyte membranes was in the range of 0.142–0.301 S cm⁻¹ depending on the composition. The cyclic voltammetry analysis was carried out using Zn|SPEM|Zn and Al|SPEM|Al cells. The analysis results revealed the excellent electrochemical stability of these newly developed alkaline solid PVA/PAA polymer electrolyte membranes. Metal-air fuel cells were also prepared from the alkaline solid PVA/PAA polymer electrolyte membranes. The electrochemical cell performance was evaluated based on Zn-air and Al-air cells at C/10 and C/5 discharge rates. The experimental results exhibited high percent of utilization for metal powders at room temperature. It was up to 90% for Zn-air cell when assembled with PVA:PAA = 10:7.5 polymer electrolyte membrane and discharged at C/10 rate. The power density could be as high as 50 mW cm⁻² at room temperature. However, the cell percent utilization was reduced to 73% with the same composition electrolyte membrane when C/5 discharge rate was tested.     

Synthesis and characterization of bisulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide composite membranes with improved proton exchange capabilities

Composite membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and graphene oxide (GO) were prepared by solution-casting method to be used as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in fuel cell (FC) applications. Bisulfonation was employed as a strategy to enhance the proton conductivity of these membranes. First, a direct sulfonation of the polymer matrix was accomplished by intra-sulfonation of the polymer matrix with propane sultone, followed by the inter-sulfonation of the polymer chains using sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) as a crosslinking agent. Furthermore, the addition of graphene oxide (GO) as inorganic filler was also evaluated to enhance the proton-conducting of the composite membranes. These membranes were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile tests. Besides, the proton conductivity of these membranes in a fully hydrated state was also analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of the intra- and inter-sulfonation of the polymer matrix on the structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes were determined. Increasing the density of sulfonic acid groups in the membranes resulted in a trade-off between a better proton conductivity (improving from 0.26 to 1.00 mS/cm) and a decreased thermal and mechanical stability. In contrast, the incorporation of GO nanoparticles into the polymer matrix improved the thermal and mechanical stability of both bisulfonated composite membranes. The proton conductivity appreciably increased by the combination of bisulfonation and introduction of GO nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. The sPVA/30SSA/GO composite membrane exhibited a proton conductivity of 1.95 mS/cm at 25 °C. The combination of the GO nanoparticles with the chemical bisulfonation approach of PVA allows thus assembling promising proton exchange membrane candidates for fuel cell applications.     

聚乙烯醇/纳米纤维素复合膜的渗透汽化性能及结构表征

将聚乙烯醇/纳米纤维素(PVA/NCC)复合膜应用于乙醇-水混合溶液的渗透汽化脱水过程,探讨了纳米纤维素对膜的溶胀性能、机械性能和渗透汽化性能的影响; 利用原子力显微镜(AFM)探测了纳米纤维素的形貌特征; 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析仪(TGA)对膜结构...