Waste cigarette filters: activated carbon as a novel sorbent for uranium removal

Uranium is important in the nuclear fuel cycle as both as an energy source and as radioactive waste. Herein, activated carbon (AC) prepared from waste cigarette filters by convenient carbonization and functionalization was chosen as the raw materials for radionuclides adsorption. Batch adsorption experiments showed that AC presented comparable UO₂²⁺ adsorption capacity (106 mg g^?1) and very outstanding selectivity. The adsorption process accorded with Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetics model well. This work combines the waste cigarette filters with the radioactive nuclear treatment materials, which may provide a new strategy for the future treatment of waste cigarette butts.

     

Iron pentacarbonyl detection limits in the cigarette smoke matrix using FT-IR spectroscopy

Endogenous metals present in tobacco from agricultural practices have been purported to generate metal carbonyls in cigarette smoke. Transition metal catalysts, such as iron oxide, have been investigated for the reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) in cigarette smoke. These studies motivated the development of an analytical method to determine if iron pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)(5)] is present in mainstream smoke from cigarette models having cigarette paper made with iron oxide. An FT-IR puff-by-puff method was developed and the detection limit was determined using two primary reference spectra from different sources to estimate the amount of Fe(CO)(5) present in a high-pressure steel cylinder of CO. We do not detect Fe(CO)(5) in a single 35 mL puff from reference cigarettes or from those cigarette models having cigarette paper made with iron oxide, with a 30-ppbV limit of detection (LOD). Also, it was shown that a filter containing activated carbon would remove Fe(CO)(5).     

Effect of Activated Carbon as a Support on Metal Dispersion and Activity of Ruthenium Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis

IntroductionSince the beginning of the 2 0 th century,ammonia has been produced over the fused ironcatalyst known as Haber- Bosch process.Thecatalyst most widely used is Fe,promoted withK2 O and Al2 O3and other un- reducible oxides.Thefused iron catalyst has many advantages,such aslow unit price and long lifetime,worldwide about1 40 million tons of ammonia is manufactured peryear in the presence of Fe catalyst.But its lowactivity below40 0℃ makes it necessary to carryout the process at a …     

超临界甲醇处理对活性炭表面性质及钌炭催化性能的影响

采用超临界甲醇处理活性炭,水浸渍制备负载钌炭催化剂,用N2物理吸附、Boehm滴定、X光电子能谱（XPS）和程序升温还原（TPR）等测试技术研究了超临界甲醇处理对活性炭表面结构及表面基团相对含量的影响,并以葡萄糖加氢生产山梨醇为模型反应对钌基催化剂的性能进行了评价。 研究结果表明,超临界甲醇处理活性炭,活性炭的孔结构性能变化不大,但可有效降低活性炭表面含氧酸性基团的含量,使催化剂的还原温度升高,增强了载体和活性组分间的相互作用,有效的提高了钌的分散度,从而提高所负载催化剂的催化活性。 在实验范围内,当超临界甲醇的温度为300 ℃,处理时间为12 h时,在4.0 MPa、120 ℃、葡萄糖的质量分数为50%的反应条件下,催化剂的反应速率（按Ru单位质量计）达到了118.65 mmol/(min·g),是未处理活性炭的1.96倍。     

TiO2/AC复合催化剂光催化降解气相1,2-二氯苯

以商品活性炭(AC)为载体, 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同比表面积和TiO2负载量不同的光催化剂(TiO2/AC). 用氮吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征方法, 获得了所制备的TiO2/AC性能参数; 并通过降解气相1,2-二氯苯(1,2-DCBz)的实验研究了TiO2/AC催化剂的光催化氧化性能, 主要考察参数包括催化剂使用量、比表面积、气相1,2-DCBz浓度等对光催化氧化的影响. 结果表明: 负载于AC上的TiO2颗粒粒径为10 nm左右, TiO2颗粒负载在大比表面积的载体AC上有利于光催化降解气相1,2-DCBz. 通过比较商用P25和自制TiO2/AC光催化剂对气相1,2-DCBz的降解效果, 证明了AC吸附作用和TiO2光催化降解的协同作用使TiO2/AC光催化剂对气相1,2-DCBz的降解效率有较显著的提高.     

Palladium catalysts supported on activated carbon with different textural and surface chemical properties

A commercial activated carbon was used as catalyst support in Pd/AC catalysts. The effects of the different surface oxygen groups and textural properties of the carbon supports on the metal dispersion of the supported catalysts were analyzed.     

Direct removal of trace ionic iodide from acetic acid via porous carbon spheres

The main purpose of this paper is to report the direct removal of trace ionic iodide (I(-)) from acetic acid through porous carbon spheres (PCS) derived from the carbonization of poly(vinylidene chloride). The surface morphology and pore size distribution of the PCS are distinct from activated carbon (AC); thus they possess the peculiar performance of removing ionic iodide from acetic acid. The easy reach of micropores in the PCS was different from that of AC, but similar to that of activated carbon fiber (ACF). The iodide removal process has a strong relation with temperature, which is a typical feature of physical adsorption. The ionic iodide content in acetic acid used in the adsorption experiment was at the parts per billion level, and the factors influencing the adsorption are discussed in detail.     

Fe-K/AC催化氧化脱硫剂制备及反应机理研究

采用正交实验法制备了负载铁、钾的活性炭(Fe-K/AC)热煤气催化氧化脱硫剂,考察了活性组分铁、钾含量、二价铁和三价铁比例、煅烧温度对催化氧化脱硫反应活性的影响。由正交实验极差分析可知,各因素影响程度依次为:钾含量>铁含量>煅烧温度> Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺,最优制备条件为,铁含量0.5%、钾含量5.0%、煅烧温度600 ℃、Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺比0.5。通过对脱硫剂的孔隙结构和表面形貌分析可知,活性炭表面负载的铁金属氧化物具有催化氧化硫化氢生成单质硫的活性,碱金属氧化物具有协同作用,可以改变表面酸碱性,促进硫化氢的催化转化,但过高的金属氧化物负载量会阻塞孔道,减小反应比表面积,从而降低脱硫剂的反应活性。     

Liquid-phase adsorption: Characterization and use of activated carbon prepared from diosgenin production residue

The adsorption behavior of activated carbon (AC) prepared from the residue of diosgenin by-product was characterized. The adsorption capacities of AC such as iodine, phenol and methylene blue (MB) are 933.28, 145.38 and 165 mg/g, respectively. The results of MP analysis and BJH method show AC has developed micropore and mesopore volumes, which are 0.1621 and 0.2623 cm³/g respectively, with the mean pore diameter of 1.49 nm. Comparison of the liquid phase adsorption capacities of AC to the standard activated carbon (SAC) and the commercial activated carbon (CAC) for wastewater treatment showed AC was superior to SAC and CAC. Experiments on phenol and MB adsorption and COD and chroma removal from diosgenin wastewater were carried out under different conditions of contact time, temperature, concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. The removal of COD and chroma of 10-multiple wastewater is 92.46 mg/g and 88 %, respectively. Adsorption parameters for the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were determined. At lower temperatures, the data for phenol and COD fitted Freundlich model better than Langmuir model and vise versa for MB and chroma. Adsorption followed second-order kinetics. The study proves that AC prepared from the residue of diosgenin by-product can be used as adsorbent for the treatment of diosogenin wastewater as a cost-effective approach of resource recycle of Discorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright.     

超临界甲醇处理对Ru/C催化剂结构及性能的影响

采用超临界甲醇处理活性炭,传统水浸渍制备负载钌炭催化剂,用N2物理吸附、Boehm滴定、X光电子能谱仪(XPS)、程序升温还原(TPR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等表征手段,研究了超临界甲醇处理活性炭对活性炭表面结构、表面基团含量,及Ru/C催化剂的还原性能、钌的分布的影响.并以葡萄糖加氢生产山梨醇为模型反应对负载钌基催化剂的性能进行了评价.研究结果表明,超临界甲醇处理活性炭,活性碳的孔结构性能变化不大,但可有效降低活性炭表面含氧酸性基团的含量,有效提高钌的分散度,使催化剂的还原温度升高,增强了载体和活性组分钌间的相互作用,提高了钌的电子结合能,从而有效的提高所负载催化剂的催化活性.在实验范围内,当超临界甲醇的温度为300℃,处理时间为12 h以上时,在4.0 MPa,120℃,葡萄糖浓度为50%(w/w)反应条件下,催化剂的反应速率达到了118.65 mmol.min-1g-1Ru,是未处理活性碳的1.96倍.     

Electrochemical performance of lithium ion capacitors with different types of negative electrodes

The electrochemical properties of various commercial carbon materials (activated carbon (AC), graphite (GP) and hard carbon (HC)) have been investigated for use as negative electrode for lithium ion capacitors. The rate capabilities and cycle durabilities are tested up to 20 C and 1000 cycles using full cell configurations. It is found that the lithium ion could not efficiently intercalate into the activated carbon materials. The symmetrical AC/AC capacitor shows good cycle durabilities at 10 C with capacity of 17 mA h g^?1. The asymmetrical capacitors AC/GP and AC/HC with intercalated negative electrodes show higher capacities than that of AC/AC capacitor. Moreover, the AC/HC has better rate capabilities than AC/GP.     

活性炭复合改善聚丙烯酸凝胶耐盐性及其溶胀机理

在活性炭(Ac)存在的情况下通过自由基溶液聚合,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制备了活性炭复合聚丙烯酸凝胶(PAA/AC)。 考察了凝胶在蒸馏水、生理盐水和不同pH值缓冲溶液中的平衡溶胀比以及溶胀动力学,结果表明,活性炭能有效提高凝胶的平衡溶胀比,在实验设计的pH值范围内复合凝胶具有比PAA凝胶更高的平衡溶胀比,蒸馏水和生理盐水中PAA/AC凝胶的平衡溶胀比分别可达到303和60 g/g,约为PAA凝胶的2.4倍。 讨论了凝胶的溶胀机理,结果表明,活性炭成分的介入破坏了聚合物链段之间的聚集态结构,减弱了聚合物链段之间的相互作用,提高了凝胶的溶胀能力。 示差扫描量热仪测定复合前后凝胶的玻璃化转变温度,扫描电子显微镜观察了复合前后凝胶的断面网络结构,结果进一步表明活性炭复合后聚合物链段之间的作用力减弱。     

活性炭孔径和比表面积对TiO2/AC光催化性能的影响

采用“同步物理-化学活化法”二次活化商品活性炭, 制备不同孔径和比表面积的系列活性炭(AC)载体, 以偏钛酸为钛源, 利用均匀沉淀法制备TiO2负载型光催化剂(TiO2/AC), 用氮吸附、XRD、SEM等方法表征, 研究活性炭的孔径和比表面积对TiO2/AC性能的影响; 并通过降解水溶液中的亚甲基蓝(MB)研究TiO2/AC光催化氧化特性, 考察催化剂投加量、不同MB浓度等因素对光催化氧化的影响. 结果表明, 负载的TiO2粒子粒径为12-20 nm, 活性炭的比表面积大、平均孔径大有利于TiO2的均匀分散, 阻止TiO2晶粒生长, 有利于充分发挥TiO2小尺度效应; 另外, 活性炭吸附和TiO2光解的协同效应使TiO2/AC光催化剂对MB降解的效率显著提高. 动力学研究表明, TiO2/AC光催化降解MB反应符合表观一级动力学特征.     

表面改性活性炭活化过硫酸盐降解苯酚

采用硝酸氧化联合高温处理法对活性炭(AC)进行表面改性(样品记为ACNH),并将其用于活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解苯酚.通过氮气等温吸附、元素分析、X射线光电子能谱和扫描电子显微镜等手段对改性前后活性炭的表面性质进行了表征分析.考察了活性炭投加量、PS/苯酚摩尔比、苯酚初始浓度和初始p H等条件对苯酚降解率的影响.结果表明,改性后活性炭活化PS能力显著提高,在ACNH/PS体系中苯酚的降解速率是AC0/PS体系中的5倍;ACNH的pH值适用范围宽;活性炭表面醌基、吡喃酮结构和碳原子平面层上的离域π电子(Cπ)在活化PS过程中起主要作用,而羧基起抑制作用.     

Synthesis of ZnO photocatalyst modified with activated carbon for a perfect degradation of ciprofloxacin and its secondary pollutants

The proposed research, presents the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic accomplishment of ZnO nanoplate (ZnOs) modified with activated carbon derived from Konar bark. The obtained nanocomposite (photocatalyst) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). First, the ZnO photocatalyst and activated carbon (AC) were prepared separately; then, the ZnO photocatalyst was modified with activated carbon. Various parameters namely pH, degradation time, and photocatalyst dose were optimized and studied in multivariate method by design expert7 software. The synergic efficiency of ZnO‐AC (adsorbent/photocatalyst) exhibited a good rate of ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal under visible irradiation. In addition, first pseudo order kinetic and isotherms equations were calculated. Moreover, the identification of degradation products was performed by ultra performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC‐MS/MS). It is for the first time that a ZnO photocatalyst modified with activated carbon (ZnO‐AC) applied for CIP degradation.     

Surface functionalization of mesoporous and microporous activated carbons by immobilization of diamine

The introduction of amino groups on HNO3-treated microporous (AC(micro)-At) and mesoporous (AC(meso)-At) activated carbon, which was followed by thionyl chloride (SOCl2) treatment, by immobilization of diamine compounds was investigated in terms of change in pore characteristics. The immobilization was improved by treatment with SOCl2. The BET surface area of AC(micro)-At largely decreased by immobilization of ethylenediamine (EDA) and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA). Decreases in BET surface area and pore volume of AC(meso)-At by immobilization of EDA and HMDA were scarcely observed. These results suggest that amino groups introduced to mesoporous activated carbon are effective as functional groups for additional reactions.     

Ligand adsorption on an activated carbon for the removal of chromate ions from aqueous solutions

The results presented in this work are related to the design of a guideline to develop specific properties at the surface of an activated carbon (AC). For this, two model aromatic compounds have been synthesized and their electrolytic behavior in aqueous solutions was studied by a potentiometric method. The textural characteristics of the activated carbon were determined by porosimetry methods. The nature of oxygen-carrying functions and the acid-base behavior of the AC surface were characterized by TPD and potentiometric titration methods, respectively. The adsorption and desorption equilibria of the aromatic compounds on activated carbon were measured in aqueous solutions, and the hysteresis between adsorption and desorption, which reveals irreversible adsorption, was discussed on the basis of the frontier orbital theory. HOMO and LUMO orbitals of the adsorbent and adsorbates were calculated, and irreversible adsorption was attributed to the small energy difference between HOMO and LUMO of the aromatic adsorbates and the adsorbent. Adsorption equilibria of K2CrO4 in aqueous solution on the AC alone and on the AC-aromatic ligand adsorbents, respectively, prove the efficient development of specific chemical functions at the carbon surface provided by the adsorbed aromatic compounds.     

A REVIEW OF OXYGEN-CONTAINING SURFACE GROUPS AND SURFACE MODIFICATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON

1. INTRODUCTION Activated carbons (ACs) have been widely used as adsorbents in environmental protection, e.g. removing organic or inorganic pollutants from liquid effluents and voltaic organic compounds (VOCs) from polluted air. It has been well known that the adsorptive capacity of ACs is not only determined by its textural properties (e.g. specific surface area, pore size distribution, pore volume), but also related to its surface chemistry. Many studies have demonstrated that the ad…     

The Effect of Electrochemical Modification of Activated Carbons by Polypyrrole on Their Structure Characteristics,Composition of Surface Compounds,and Adsorption Properties

The electrochemical modification of activated carbons (AC) by a conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy) has a substantial effect on the AC structure characteristics, electrochemical properties, and adsorption activity with respect to natural substances (by the example of free hemoglobin). Using the method of standard contact porosimetry (SCP), the porous structure and hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties are studied for the activated carbon SKT-6A, the [SKT-6A/PPy/Cl^–] composite, and individual polypyrrole. The chemistry of the activated carbon surface is studied by the standardized Boehm method. It is shown that the nature of activated carbon and its initial surface substantially affect the character of its interaction with the conducting polymer polypyrrole. The effect of such modification on the AC surface chemistry should be considered in aggregate by taking into account each component of such modification. The increase in the sorption ability of [AC/PPy/Cl^–] composites with respect to hemoglobin is largely associated with the stronger hydrophilicity of polypyrrole as compared with activated carbons.     

Kinetic and calorimetric study of the adsorption of dyes on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from coconut coir dust

Mesoporous activated carbon has been prepared from coconut coir dust as support for adsorption of some model dye molecules from aqueous solutions. The methylene blue (MB) and remazol yellow (RY) molecules were chosen for study of the adsorption capacity of cationic and anionic dyes onto prepared activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics was studied with the Lagergren first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models as well as the intraparticle diffusion model. The results for both dyes suggested a multimechanism sorption process. The adsorption mechanisms in the systems dyes/AC follow pseudo-second-order kinetics with a significant contribution of intraparticle diffusion. The samples simultaneously present acidic and basic sites able to act as anchoring sites for basic and acidic dyes, respectively. Calorimetric studies reveal that dyes/AC interaction forces are correlated with the pH of the solution, which can be related to the charge distribution on the AC surface. These AC samples also exhibited very short equilibrium times for the adsorption of both dyes, which is an economically favorable requisite for the activated carbon described in this work, in addition to the local abundance of the raw material.