多孔离子液体的构筑及应用

多孔液体(Porous Liquids, PLs)是一类结合了多孔固体永久性孔隙与液态流动性优势的新材料. 自2007年, PLs的概念被首次提出以来, 其在合成策略与应用领域方面均取得了较大的突破. 然而, 传统的PLs因高黏度、高密度、高熔点与高原材料成本等缺陷极大程度制约了其在流动工业系统中的大规模应用. 因此, 迫切需要寻求理想的位阻溶剂用于制备先进的多孔液体. 离子液体(Ionic Liquids, ILs)因独特的可调节物理特性、非挥发性、高稳定性、易获得、经济性高、低再生能耗等特性, 使其成为构筑PLs中最具有应用前景的理想溶剂之一. 在过去的5年间, 基于多种ILs与先进多孔固体(如有机笼、金属有机框架、中空碳、沸石、多孔聚合物等)制备的多孔离子液体(Porous Ionic Liquids, PILs)被陆续报道. PILs独特的永久性孔隙、无溶剂挥发、再生能力强、黏度可调、低熔点、高稳定性等特性加快了其在气体吸附、分离、催化、萃取、分子分离等领域的快速发展. 本综述围绕PILs的构筑策略、特性、应用领域等阐述了其研究进展. 最后, 对PILs在制备中存在的挑战与未来的研究方向进行了归纳与展望.     

射频等离子制备石墨烯负载Co3O4催化剂及其析氧性能研究

氢能的引入能有效提升配电网的供电可靠性,而电解水制氢是实现低碳转型的关键技术,开发高效的电解水催化剂势在必行。过渡金属氧化物储量大、催化活性高,是具有广阔应用前景的析氧反应催化剂。本文通过射频等离子体处理制备石墨烯上负载Co₃O₄析氧催化剂,XRD、Raman和XPS测试结果显示,二维结构石墨烯的引入加速表面电子迁移,增大了反应面积。等离子体处理促进了纳米粒子在石墨烯上的负载,利用等离子体刻蚀作用在催化剂表面制造出大量碳结构缺陷和氧空位结构,改善了活性位点分布,有效调控Co₃O₄电子结构,提高析氧催化活性。电化学测试表明,本文中合成的Co₃O₄@rGO在电流密度为50 mA·cm^-2时的过电位为410 mV,动力学反应速率较快,表现出优于商业IrO₂的析氧催化活性。     

Multipolar Porphyrin-Triazatruxene Arrays for Two-Photon Fluorescence Cell Imaging

Two-photon excited fluorescent (TPEF) materials are highly desirable for bioimaging applications owing to their unique characteristics of deep-tissue penetration and high spatiotemporal resolution. Herein, by connecting one, two, or three electron-deficient zinc porphyrin units to an electron-rich triazatruxene core via ethynyl π-bridges, conjugated multipolar molecules TAT-(ZnP) _n (n=1–3) were developed as TPEF materials for cell imaging. The three new dyes present high fluorescence quantum yields (0.40–0.47) and rationally improved two-photon absorption (TPA) properties. In particular, the peak TPA cross section of TAT-ZnP (436 GM) is significantly larger than that of the ZnP reference (59 GM). The δ_TPA values of TAT-(ZnP)₂ and TAT-(ZnP)₃ further increase to 1031 and up to 1496 GM, respectively, indicating the effect of incorporated ZnP units on the TPA properties. The substantial improvement of the TPEF properties is attributed to the formation of π-conjugated quadrapole/octupole molecules and the extension of D -π-A-D systems, which has been rationalized by density function theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, all of the three new dyes display good biocompatibility and preferential targeting ability toward cytomembrane, thus can be superior candidates for TPEF imaging of living cells. Overall, this work demonstrated a promising strategy for the development of porphyrin-based TPEF materials by the construction and extension of D -π-A-D multipolar array.     

Studies of proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction in triple‐negative breast cancer cells by novel amino acid–polypyridine–copper complex

An innovative ternary copper(II) complex, [Cu(Cl‐PIP)(Tyr)Cl]_n, has been synthesized and characterized using infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. X‐ray crystallography indicates that the Cu atom is five‐coordinated in a square‐pyramidal configuration. The unit forms a one‐dimensional chain along the crystallographic c‐axis. The complex was screened for cytotoxicity against a panel of eight human cancer cell lines, namely MDA‐MB‐231, CAL‐51, K562, HeLa, SGC‐7901, A549, MCF‐7 and SMMC‐7721. The best anticancer activity was obtained with triple‐negative breast cancer CAL‐51 and MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the range 0.035–0.10 μM, and this was better than using carboplatin. The complex inhibits proteasomal chymotrypsin‐like activity, and docking studies reveal its interaction with 20S proteasome. In addition, the complex causes accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation, indicating its great potential as a novel therapy for triple‐negative breast cancer.     

Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Nylon-6 Precursor at Almost 100 % Yield

Synthesis of cyclohexanone oxime via the cyclohexanone-hydroxylamine process is widespread in the caprolactam industry, which is an upstream industry for nylon-6 production. However, there are two shortcomings in this process, harsh reaction conditions and the potential danger posed by explosive hydroxylamine. In this study, we presented a direct electrosynthesis of cyclohexanone oxime using nitrogen oxides and cyclohexanone, which eliminated the usage of hydroxylamine and demonstrated a green production of caprolactam. With the Fe electrocatalysts, a production rate of 55.9 g h⁻¹ g_cat⁻¹ can be achieved in a flow cell with almost 100 % yield of cyclohexanone oxime. The high efficiency was attributed to their ability of accumulating adsorbed hydroxylamine and cyclohexanone. This study provides a theoretical basis for electrocatalyst design for C−N coupling reactions and illuminates the tantalizing possibility to upgrade the caprolactam industry towards safety and sustainability.     

Palladium-Catalyzed Fluorinative Bifunctionalization of Aziridines and Azetidines with gem-Difluorocyclopropanes

An unprecedented Pd-catalyzed fluorinative bifunctionalization of aziridines and azetidines was successfully developed via regioselective C−C and C−F bond cleavage of gem-difluorocyclopropanes, leading to various β,β′-bisfluorinated amines and β,γ-bisfluorinated amines. This reaction was achieved by incorporating a 2-fluorinated allyl group and a fluorine atom scissored from gem-difluorocyclopropane in 100 % atom economy for the first time. The mechanistic investigations indicated that the reaction underwent amine attacking 2-fluorinated allyl palladium complex to generate η²-coordinated N-allyl aziridine followed by fluoride ligand transfer affording the final β- and γ-fluorinated amines.     

限域NiCo合金纳米颗粒高效催化生物质衍生物水相加氢脱氧

将储量丰富的生物质及其衍生物转化为具有高附加值的燃料和化学品被认为是一种有前景的绿色途径,可以极大地减少人们对传统化石资源的依赖.作为木质纤维素热解的直接产物和生物油升级的模型化合物,香草醛可以通过加氢脱氧(HDO)过程选择性地转化为2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚(MMP).MMP是一种有价值的化学品,常用于香料和药物等重要中间体的合成.在过去十年里,大量的金属催化剂被用来催化香草醛HDO转化为MMP.其中,贵金属(Pt,Pd,Ru和Au)虽然活性高,但是其储量低、价格昂贵,不利于工业化应用;而非贵金属(Fe,Co,Ni和Cu)的催化活性普遍较低,需要苛刻的反应条件来提高转化效率和选择性.此外,这类HDO反应大都在有机溶剂中进行,容易造成环境污染.因此,开发高效、稳定的非贵金属催化剂用于水相HDO反应是一个巨大的挑战.一般来说,合金纳米颗粒(NPs)具有强烈的协同效应,能产生良好的配位结构和电子环境,从而显著提升催化活性和选择性.基于此,本文首次采用了一种简单可控的合成方法来制备三聚氰胺海绵负载的氮掺杂碳纳米管(N-CNTs)限域的Ni-Co合金NPs(NiCo@N-CNTs/CMF)催化剂.该催化剂具有优异的HDO性能,在2 MPa H2,120oC反应6 h条件下,能在水相中将生物质衍生的香草醛高效转化为MMP,转化率和选择性均达到100％.相比于单金属的Ni@N-CNTs/CMF和Co@N-CNTs/CMF催化剂,香草醛转化率和MMP选择性都有大幅度的提高.而且,在温和的反应条件下,该催化剂对香草醛衍生物和其他芳香醛类化合物同样表现出优异的HDO性能,拥有100％的转化率以及较高的MMP选择性(91.5％～100％).XPS结果表明,Ni-Co形成合金后发生了电子结构的偏移,即Co原子可以从邻近的Ni原子处得到电子,提高Co电子云密度,从而促进对香草醛中C=O键的吸附.DFT计算结果表明,相比于单金属的Ni和Co,Ni-Co合金化后能显著提高对C=O键的选择性吸附和活化.同时,H2解离后形成的活性H*物种在Ni-Co合金NPs表面更容易脱附并参与催化反应.因此,Ni-Co@N-CNTs/CMF催化剂优异的HDO性能主要是由于Ni-Co合金NPs的协同作用大大促进了其对C=O键的选择性吸附和活化,以及活化氢物种的脱附.本文为设计和制备高效的非贵金属催化剂应用于水相的HDO反应提供了一个新策略.