循环流化床富氧气化实验研究

在循环流化床富氧气化实验台上,通过调节水蒸气流量使气化温度基本稳定在910℃,研究了不同氧气浓度及气化当量比对煤气组分、产气率、冷煤气效率及碳转化率的影响。结果表明,氧气浓度从25%增加至40%时,N2体积分数从48.82%降低至33.83%,H2从21.47%不断增加至27.59%,CH4基本不变;受水蒸气流量影响,氧气浓度高于35%时,CO体积分数降低,CO2体积分数增加;氧气浓度40%时的煤气热值为空气气化煤气热值的1.84倍,产气率随氧气浓度增加从2.35 m3/kg降至2.13 m3/kg,冷煤气效率和碳转化率不断增大;当气化当量比从0.20增加至0.29时,N2体积分数先降低后升高,H2体积分数从24.01%增加到25.46%后基本保持不变,CO和CH4持续减小,CO2不断增加,产气率由1.94 m3/kg升高到2.29 m3/kg;受水蒸气和气化当量比综合影响,冷煤气效率先增大后减小,碳转化率持续增加。     

生物质空气－水蒸气气化制取合成气热力学分析

基于Gibbs自由能最小化原理，计算了包括H2O(l)和C(s)在内的，生物质空气 水蒸气气化体系热力学平衡，对比分析了常压气化和加压气化的特点，通过回归分析得到了不同压力下，气化产物中可燃气体分率最高时的水蒸气/生物质质量比（S/B，Steam to Biomass Ratio）与空气当量比（ER，Equivalence Ratio）的关系曲线，为探讨适于制取合成气的气化工艺和条件提供初步的理论指导。研究表明，相对于常压气化，加压气化体系的平衡温度较高，平衡状态下可燃气体分数较低，但CH4含量明显增加；一定温度和当量比下，加压气化使得气化产物中可燃气体分数达到最高所对应的S/B比增大，即需要消耗更多水蒸气；通过调节S/B比，可以比较方便地控制产物中H2和CO的比例。以常压为例，T=1173K，S/B=0.17时，气化产物中H2/CO约为1.1∶1，而S/B=1.02时，气化产物中H2/CO约为2∶1；不同压力下最佳S/B比和ER有很好的线性关系，温度为1173K时，最佳S/B比与压力及ER〖的关系为S/B=－1.48×ER－4.49 E×10－5×p2 + 5.83 E×10－3×p + 0.32。     

生物质流化床富氧气化的实验研究

在常压流化床装置上进行了生物质在富氧条件下定向气化的实验研究。实验主要考察了氧的当量比和氧体积分数对气化气组成、碳转化率和气体热值的影响。当量比值是与温度紧密联系的一个量，本实验主要通过调节进料量来改变它的值，随着当量比的变化（0.21～0.29），燃气成分也会改变，其中变化最大的是H2、CO。H2体积分数显著增加，CO和CH4体积分数有降低的趋势，使燃气热值降低；氧体积分数是富氧气化过程中较重要的参数，在实验研究的范围内，发现增大氧气体积分数可以提高H2体积分数及有利于调节H2/CO(体积分数)的比值。当氧气体积分数从21％提高到45％，H2体积分数从20％增加到27.7％，H2/CO(体积分数)从0.38增加到0.75，比较接近合成液体燃料的气体比值。     

流化床生物质与煤共气化特性的初步研究

在热天平和流化床实验装置中研究了生物质与煤的共气化特性，采用程序升温热重法对稻秆焦、高粱秆焦、玉米秆焦和神木煤焦以及生物质焦与煤焦混合物进行水蒸气气化研究。结果表明，生物质焦和煤焦的反应活性依次增大，其顺序为高粱焦>稻秆焦>玉米焦>神木煤焦。一定温度下，生物质焦与煤焦混合物的气化碳转化率高于各自气化碳转化率的加和。在流化床气化实验中，比较了单独煤气化与稻秆/煤混合物气化的结果，实验结果表明，混合物气化碳转化率、气体中可燃组分的体积分数均高于单独煤气化，气体中CO2的体积分数低于单独煤气化CO2的体积分数。     

聚光太阳能加热昭通褐煤的气化试验研究

以云南昭通褐煤为原料，在聚光太阳能气化炉内，分别对昭通褐煤热解、气化过程中热解温度、气化温度及蒸汽流量等工艺参数对产品煤气成分的影响规律进行了试验研究。结果表明：随热解温度升高，煤气中CO2含量逐渐减少，H2含量增加；在800℃以前CO和CH4含量随着温度的升高而增加，当温度高于800℃后其含量随温度的升高而降低。在蒸汽流量一定的条件下，随气化温度升高，煤气中CO2、H2的含量下降，CO含量上升；在一定的气化温度下，随蒸汽流量的增加，煤气中CO2、H2含量增加，CO含量下降。同时根据热解产物量，分别对热解煤气产率、热解效率、热解强度等进行了计算，并通过能量收支平衡计算，得出太阳能的转化率为38.24%。     

两段式固定床富氧－水蒸气气化实验研究

以玉米芯颗粒为原料在两段式固定床气化装置上进行了气化实验,考察了当量比ER、富氧浓度OC和水蒸气配比S/B对气化温度、气化气组分、低位热值、气体产率、气化效率和碳转化率等参数的影响,并比较了两段式固定床与传统下吸式固定床的气化特性。实验结果表明,当量比为0.27时H₂的体积分数、CO的体积分数和气化效率达到最大值;增加富氧浓度能优化气化效果,但富氧浓度大于90%后,燃气质量和气化效率均提高不大;增加S/B能提高H₂的体积分数,但同时会降低CO的体积分数、气体热值、气化效率;当S/B为0.6时,氢气的体积分数达最高值33.3%,H₂/CO比为1.32;相比于传统固定床,两段式固定床气化可明显提高气化温度、氢气的体积分数、碳转化率和气化效率,降低焦油含量。     

生物质在流化床中的空气-水蒸气气化研究

以流化床为反应器，对生物质的空气-水蒸气气化特性进行了研究。考察了一些主要参变量，如温度 (700 ℃～900 ℃)、水蒸气/生物质比(0～4.04)、空气当量比(0.19～0.27)以及生物质粒度(0.2 mm～0.9 mm)等对气化结果的影响。在实验研究的条件范围内，生物质产气率在1.43 m3/kg～2.57 m3/kg范围内变化，产气的低热值在6 741 kJ/m3～9 143 kJ/m3范围内变化。实验结果表明：较高的气化温度有利于氢的产生；但气化温度过高会使气体热值下降；与常规的空气气化相比，水蒸气的加入使生物质气化产气率显著提高，但水蒸气加入量过多使气化温度下降，产气率和产气热值降低；生物质颗粒粒度的大小对产气组分的分布和产气率均有影响，较小颗粒的生物质会产生较多的CH4、CO和较少的CO2。     

污泥水分含量对其空气气化特性的影响(英文)

利用外热式下吸固定床气化实验装置,研究了在一定的空气流量(0.05 m3/h)、气化温度(800℃)下污泥水分含量对3种不同性质污泥空气气化特性的影响。结果表明,气化气中CO2、CH4和H2含量、气化气热值以及水相生成量均随污泥水分含量的增加而增加,而CO含量和焦油生成量呈降低趋势。污泥厌氧消化使气化气中CO、CH4、H2、CmHn含量以及气化气品质降低;而污水处理工艺中的厌氧过程可改善气化气品质,其中来自A2/O工艺消化污泥的气化气品质高于普通活性污泥法消化污泥的气化气品质。随着污泥水分含量的增加,2种不同污水处理工艺产生的消化污泥气化气中CO、CO2和H2含量的差距逐渐加大,来自于同一A2/O工艺的消化与未消化污泥气化气中H2和CO2含量的差距亦逐渐加大,而消化与未消化污泥气化气中CO含量的差距则逐渐接近。     

CO_2对褐煤热解行为的影响

利用热天平和快速升温固定床进行了CO2气氛下褐煤热解特性的研究,考察了CO2对半焦的产率和气体产物分布的影响。通过对半焦的比表面积、孔结构、官能团和元素含量的分析,确定了CO2对煤热解过程的影响机制。CO2对新生半焦的气化反应破坏了含氢的半焦结构,一方面,促进了羟基、甲基、亚甲基等基团的断裂和苯环的开裂;另一方面,减弱H与其依附本体的结合,增加了氢的流动性,引发了更多的氢自由基生成。这些氢自由基与煤大分子断裂生成的碎片自由基结合生成更多的挥发分,使半焦有较大的比表面积、孔容和开孔率。CO2的引入促进了煤的热解和挥发分的生成,增大了H2、CO、CH4和C2H6等小分子烃类物质逸出,降低了半焦的产率。     

天然铁矿石为氧载体的生物质化学链气化制合成气实验研究

在一个小型鼓泡流化床反应器上以Ar气为流化介质,对以天然铁矿石为氧载体的生物质化学链气化制合成气过程进行了研究。考察了反应温度对合成气组分、气体产率、碳转化率以及气化效率的影响,反应时间对合成气组分的影响;探讨了氧载体存在对生物质气化过程的影响。结果表明,天然铁矿石可以作为生物质化学链气化制合成气反应过程的氧载体,代替富氧空气或高温水蒸气作为生物质气化的气化剂;随着温度的升高,产物气体中CO、H₂的浓度逐渐增加,CO₂、CH₄浓度缓慢降低;随着反应时间的延长,合成气中H₂、CO、CH₄的相对浓度缓慢增加,而CO₂相对浓度逐渐降低;氧载体的存在能显著提高气体产率和碳的转化率及气化效率。扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)分析表明,当超过850 ℃时,铁矿石氧载体颗粒表面烧结现象明显,但反应前后,颗粒表面的成分及含量基本保持不变。     

KOH对超临界水中褐煤连续制氢的影响

采用连续式超临界水反应装置,以20%的水煤浆为反应原料,考察了不同KOH/煤质量比、温度、压力对褐煤制氢过程的影响。实验结果表明,在水煤浆中添加KOH可以提高碳气化率及H2的体积分数和产率,在600℃、25 MPa、KOH/煤质量比为4.1%时,与未加KOH相比,气相产物收率由29.6%提高到49.5%,碳气化率由23.0%增大到31.5%;H2的产率由135.4 mL/(g daf coal)提高到239.1 mL/(g daf coal)。随着温度的升高,H2产率逐渐增大,650℃时达到287.8 mL/(g daf coal),是500℃时的5.4倍;高温、高压下,KOH对煤气化过程的催化作用更为明显。     

脉冲电晕等离子体作用下甲烷偶联反应的研究 Ⅱ.反应添加气的影响

脱氢偶联;脉冲电晕等离子体作用下甲烷偶联反应的研究 Ⅱ.反应添加气的影响     

连续式超临界水反应器中褐煤制氢过程影响因素的研究

建立了煤处理量为1kg/h的连续式超临界水反应装置并实现稳定运行,考察了反应温度（500℃～650℃）、反应压力(20MPa～30MPa)、水煤浆浓度(20%~50％)以及KOH添加量对小龙潭褐煤在超临界水中连续化制氢的影响。实验结果表明,反应进行20min后连续装置达到稳定运行状态。反应温度和KOH添加量是影响超临界水中褐煤制氢的关键因素。随着反应温度从500℃提高到650℃,氢气的体积分数与产率分别由11%和25mL/g增加到29%和110mL/g。添加0.5%KOH可明显提高碳气化率以及氢气的产率,但随着KOH加入量进一步增加,氢气产率增加的幅度减小。随着压力增加,甲烷产率有升高的趋势,氢气产率变化不大,提高水煤浆的浓度,碳气化率降低。     

Conversion of Methane and Carbon Dioxide in a DBD Reactor: Influence of Oxygen

A continuous plug flow reactor supported by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is used to study the conversion of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen at different compositions. The three studied gases were diluted with helium to 3 % with an overall flow rate of 200 sccm. The 13.56 MHz plasma was ignited at atmospheric pressure. The product stream and the inlet flow were analyzed by a FTIR spectrometer equipped with a White-cell and by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The DBD reactor generates hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethene, acetylene, formaldehyde, and methanol. Additional oxygen in the feed has positive effects on the yield of methanol, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide and reduces the total consumed energy. The hydrogen yield reaches its maximum at medium amounts of oxygen in the inlet flow. The conversion of methane increases to a limiting value of about 35 %. Methane rich feeds increase the yield of hydrogen, ethane and methanol. On the other hand, additional oxygen has a negative influence on the produced amount of C2 hydrocarbons. The conversion of methane and carbon dioxide as well as the yield of synthesis gas components and C2 hydrocarbons increases by changing the plasma power to higher values.     

Reforming of Carbon Dioxide to Methane and Methanol by Electric Impulse Low-Pressure Discharge with Hydrogen

Basic phenomena of the reduction of carbon dioxide to reusable organic materials including methane and methanol were investigated by using a radio frequency impulse discharge in a low gas pressure range without catalysis. The discharge took place under different discharge parameters such as voltage, gas flow rate, gas-mixing ratio, and gas residence time, where the carbon dioxide was mixed with hydrogen at total gas pressure of 1–10 Torr. Organic materials such as methane and methanol were observed. Carbon monoxide was a major product from carbon dioxide. Methane was the dominant organic species produced by the discharge. The concentration of methane increased with discharge voltage, and its volume fraction attained 10–20% of the products containing carbon that came from carbon dioxide. This fraction was also dependent on the mixing ratio of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. We also observed the formation of methanol, though its fraction was low, a few %, compared with methane.     

Wet Conversion of Methane and Carbon Dioxide in a DBD Reactor

The influence of water on the plasma assisted conversion of methane and carbon dioxide in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plug flow reactor was studied. The plasma at atmospheric pressure was ignited by a power supply at a frequency of 13.56?MHz. Product formation was studied at a power range between 35 and 70?W. The concentrations of the three gases were altered and diluted with helium to 3?%. FTIR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy were applied to analyze the inlet and the product streams. The main product of this process are hydrogen, carbon monoxide and ethane. Ethene, ethine, methanol and formaldehyde are generated beside the main products in this DBD in lower concentrations. The conversion of methane, the ratio of the synthesis gas components (n(H₂):n(CO)), and the yield of oxygenated hydrocarbons and hydrogen increases by adding water. The total consumed energy reaches lower values for small amounts of water. Additional water does not influence the generated amount of C2 hydrocarbons and of CO, but decreases the carbon dioxide conversion.     

Influence of Gas Components on the Formation of Carbonyl Sulfide over Water-Gas Shift Catalyst B303Q

Water-gas shift reaction catalyst at lower temperature (200—400℃) may improve the conversion of carbon monoxide. But carbonyl sulfide was found to be present over the sulfided cobalt-molybdenum/alumina catalyst for water-gas shift reaction. The influences of temperature, space velocity, and gas components on the formation of carbonyl sulfide over sulfided cobalt-molybdenum/alumina catalyst B303Q at 200—400℃were studied in a tubular fixed-bed quartz-glass reactor under simulated water-gas shift conditions. The experimental results showed that the yield of carbonyl sulfide over B303Q catalyst reached a maximum at 220℃with the increase in temperature, sharply decreased with the increase in space velocity and the content of water vapor, increased with the increase in the content of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and its yield increased and then reached a stable value with the increase in the content of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide. The formation mechanism of carbonyl sulfide over B303Q catalyst at 200—400℃was discussed on the basis of how these factors influence the formation of COS. The yield of carbonyl sulfide over B303Q catalyst at 200-400℃was the combined result of two reactions, that is, COS was first produced by the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen sulfide, and then the as-produced COS was converted to hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide by hydrolysis. The mechanism of COS formation is assumed as follows: sulfur atoms in the Co9S8-MOS2/Al2O3 crystal lattice were easily removed and formed carbonyl sulfide with CO, and then hydrogen sulfide in the water-gas shift gas reacted with the crystal lattice oxygen atoms in CoO-MoO3/Al2O3 to form Co9S8-MoS2/Al2O3. This mechanism for the formation of COS over water-gas shift catalyst B303Q is in accordance with the Mars-Van Krevelen's redox mechanism over metal sulfide.     

生物油水溶性组分的水蒸气催化重整制氢实验研究

利用固定床反应器对生物油水溶性组分重整制氢反应进行了考察,研究了温度、吸收剂的加入对反应过程的影响。结果表明,在常压条件下生物油水溶性组分的最佳重整温度为800℃,此时H2体积分数为60%、CO体积分数为10%。加入CO₂吸收剂后,H₂体积分数提高了25%,H₂产率提高了10%。在常压条件下,以CaO作为吸收剂时,最佳的反应温度为600℃,此时H₂体积分数最高可达85%。650℃时CaO对CO₂的吸收能力减弱导致其对生成H₂反应的促进作用急剧降低。     

Reduction Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide Using a Plasmatron

To decompose carbon dioxide, which is a representative greenhouse gas, a 3-phase gliding arc plasmatron device was designed and manufactured to examine the decomposition of CO₂, either alone or in the presence of methane with and without water vapour. The changes in the amount of carbon dioxide feed rate, the methane to carbon dioxide ratio, the steam to carbon dioxide ratio, and the methane to steam ratio were used as the parameters. The carbon dioxide conversion rate, energy decomposition efficiency (EDE), carbon monoxide and hydrogen selectivity, and produced gas concentration were also investigated. The maximum values of the carbon dioxide conversion rate, which is a key indicator of carbon dioxide decomposition, in different cases were compared. The maximum carbon dioxide conversion rate was 12.3 % when pure carbon dioxide was supplied; 34.5 % when methane was injected as a reforming additive; 7.8 % when steam was injected as a reforming additive; and 43 % when methane and steam were injected together. Therefore, this could be explained that the methane-and-steam injection showed the highest carbon dioxide decomposition, showing low EDE as 0.01 L/min W. Furthermore, the plasma produced carbon-black was compared with commercial carbon-black chemicals through Raman spectroscopy, surface area measurement and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the carbon-black that was produced in this study has the high conductivity and large specific surface area. Our product makes it suitable for special electric materials and secondary battery materials applications.     

甲烷和二氧化碳在煤焦上反应制备合成气实验研究

以煤与甲烷共转化制备合成气的研究为背景,通过考察固定床反应器上甲烷和二氧化碳分别在石英砂、煤灰和煤焦上的反应过程,证实了煤焦中的碳结构在共转化过程中对甲烷转化具有催化作用。同时考察了反应温度（1073K～1223K）、CH₄/CO₂比（0.33~3.00）和气固接触时间等工艺条件对甲烷转化率、气相产物中H₂/CO比的影响。结果表明,甲烷的转化率随着反应温度和气固接触时间的增加而增大,随CH₄/CO₂比的增加而减小。在考察范围内甲烷的转化率最高达到了86%。反应物中CH₄/CO₂比的改变可以起到调节产品气中H₂/CO比的作用,0.4~2.0调节。