北斗导航系统与全球卫星定位系统

 1.北斗导航系统2000年10月31日凌晨0时2分,由我国航天科技集团空间技术研究院自行研制的第一颗导航定位卫星———“北斗导航试验卫星”在西昌卫星发射中心发射成功。“北斗导航试验卫星”的发射成功,为我国“北斗导航系统”的建设奠定了基础。2000年12月21日零时20分,我国自行研制的第二颗“北斗导航试验卫星”,在西昌卫星发射中心用“长征三号甲”火箭发射升空,并准确进入预定轨道。它与10月31日发射的第一颗“北斗导航试验卫星”一起,构成了“北斗导航系统”。这标志着我国将拥有自主研制的第一代卫星导航定位系统。     

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2009年4月15日,我国继2007年4月发射了第一颗“北斗”导航卫星后,又发射了第二颗“北斗”导航卫星,卫星运行在地球的静止轨道上。科学家们计划2020年前后建立运行在3种轨道,共计30多颗卫星的全球导航卫星系统,是集导航、定位、授时、通信为一体的空间核心基础设施,可提供开放服务与授时服务。“北斗”卫星导航系统在用户容量、服务区域、动态性能、定位精度、使用方式和抗干扰能力等方面表现优异,并与国外卫星导航系统兼容。     

平流层飞艇地面通用测试原型系统设计

针对不同技术路线平流层飞艇试验靶场地面通用化综合测试评估的迫切需求,分析了平流层飞艇平台地面通用测试技术体制和测试矩阵,提出了飞艇地面通用测试原型系统总体架构,研究了系统功能组成和通用性。基于高速信息交换架构、合成仪器、公共测试接口等新一代自动测试系统关键技术,完成了原型系统的硬件、软件和机械结构设计方案,可以作为原型系统分系统实施方案设计、研制和综合集成调试的主要依据文件。经分析,地面通用测试原型系统可对多型号平流层飞艇实现快速自动通用测试评估,对飞行试验任务顺利完成起到的重要支撑作用。     

GNSS导航卫星抛物面天线系统建设与测试

导航卫星的信号质量是影响卫星导航系统精度、连续性和可靠性的关键因素,为实时监测上海地区可见GNSS导航卫星的信号质量,建成了GNSS导航卫星抛物面天线系统;该系统可以对包括北斗导航卫星系统在内的GNSS导航卫星的空间信号进行监测,分析导航卫星空间信号的质量;GNSS导航卫星抛物面天线系统主要由3.2m抛物面伺服跟踪天线、GNSS信号中频采集器、数据存储装置、监测控制平台以及相关监测设备组成;介绍了导航卫星抛物面天线系统的建设及其测试情况,测试结果表明,所建成的抛物面天线系统可以对观测范围内的各卫星导航系统的各颗卫星的导航信号进行实时信号跟踪与监测,相关技术指标达到了预期要求。     

集成智能化测试系统技术研究应用

运载火箭集成一体化测试发射控制是实现快速发射的重要条件,是未来运载火箭在技术上发展的主要方向。对于目前运载火箭测发周期较长、地面测试环节复杂、设备体形庞大、单体数量众多、结构上集成低等问题,本文研究了运载火箭集成一体化测发控系统在实现快速测发上的应用,从集成、移动操控与环境适应性方面提出了具体技术途径。高速数字总线和BIT箭地一体化综合测试、智能实时判读等技术应用,为实现快速发射创造条件,指出了今后运载火箭快速测试发射技术发展方向。     

转发式北斗导航卫星信号性能评估的研究与实现

北斗一代在使用过程中存在隐蔽性不良,定位实时性差等问题,为了实现北斗导航信号的性能评估,相对于以往的硬件形式,如硬件接收机、频谱分析仪、矢量网络分析仪等,提出了以软件接收机的方法对北斗导航信号进行性能评估。首先分析了转发式北斗导航信号评估的意义、内容与方法,并采用软件接收机的形式进行评估;然后研究了转发式北斗导航的信号性能评估关键技术,给出了捕获、跟踪、评估参数计算的程序流程;最后根据实测数据在Linux高性能集群系统上进行了测试验证,实现了北斗导航信号的捕获、跟踪以及评估中的评估参数计算。测试结果表明,文章中的设计方法可实现北斗导航信号性能的评估,效果良好,评估内容、指标易于调整,便于软件算法参数的测试、升级,可为后续的卫星导航信号评估以及算法测试等提供了一定的依据。     

卫星导航接收机自动测试系统

为了满足卫星导航接收机整机性能快速、精确测试的需求,实现对导航接收机性能的自动测试,构建了一种基于NI PXI硬件平台,采用导航信号模拟器、虚拟仪器技术和Microsoft Visual Studio 2008软件进行开发的卫星导航接收机自动测试系统。系统实现了多导航接收机的定位精度、冷启动首次定位时间、热启动首次定位时间、捕获灵敏度、速度精度的并行自动测试。良好的人机交互界面与多接收机并行测试的稳定运行,大大缩短了测试时间,提高了测试效率。通过对北斗导航接收机大量测试,结果表明该卫星导航接收机快速测试系统对于导航接收机整机性能并行测试快速、有效。     

基于北斗导航的车载监控系统

为了解决车辆失窃以及车内盗窃事件因缺乏有力的证据等问题无法侦破的困难,提出了一种基于北斗导航的车载监控系统;系统采用软硬件结合的开发方法,基于S3C6410开发板进行研发,使用LINUX作为操作系统,实现了图像采集、北斗卫星导航定位以及GPRS无线传输等功能;系统可实时监控汽车,10 s内通过短信方式快速提供车载位置和图像信息,有效减少汽车失窃事件的发生,也能为破案提供直接的证据,在基于我国自主的北斗导航应用方面实现了创新,系统工作快速、灵活、稳定,市场前景广阔。     

卫星供配电测试设备电连接器的检测方法

为了防止供配电测试设备电连接器插错,文章提出一种全新的检测方法。通过使用电连接器上未用到的空点,设计检测电路,对供配电测试电缆的连接状态进行状态指示,避免电连接器错插、漏插和插接不到位的问题,提高卫星综合测试的安全性和可靠性。该设计已成功应用于多套地面供配电测试设备,并经过多颗卫星综合测试和发射任务的检验。     

导航卫星上行注入与测距性能测试系统设计

导航卫星的上行注入与测距性能是卫星导航系统服务精度一个重要保证,设计了一种导航卫星的上行注入与测距性能测试系统;该系统以控制处理计算机为核心,并结合了专用设计的基准频率发生器模块、基准时间发生器模块、注入信号发生器模块和通用商业化仪器,能实时动态地模拟导航卫星在轨期间接收地面注入信号的情形,完成导航卫星上行注入性能测试中电文信息的生成和比对以及上行测距性能测试;该测试系统稳定、灵活,测量精度高,而且可以通过修改测试软件参数来满足新的测试要求,便于测试系统的升级改造。     

压电驱动快速反射镜的自适应反演滑模控制

由压电驱动器驱动的快速反射镜(FSM)广泛应用于各种精密稳定跟踪系统,FSM的控制精度决定了系统的跟踪精度。但压电驱动器具有严重的迟滞非线性干扰,针对这一缺点,应用自适应径向基RBF神经网络对迟滞干扰进行非线性逼近,并在此基础上结合滑模控制和反演法,设计了自适应反演滑模(ABSM)控制器。仿真实验表明,相对于滑模控制器,ABSM控制器的最大跟踪误差和均方根误差为分别降低了57.26%和52.53%,提高了FSM的控制精度。     

Study of polarization control model for piezoelectric actuator

A major deficiency of piezoelectric actuator is that their control accuracy is seriously limited by hysteresis. In this paper, the reason why hysteresis can be reduced by controlling polarization is explained according to the analysis of microscopic polarization mechanism and domain wall theory of piezoelectric actuator. The reason of occurring hysteresis in voltage control mode is also given. Then a control model based polarization is derived. In order to evaluate its effectiveness, the control method based on polarization is realized by controlling the charge of piezoelectric actuator. The experimental results show that the polarization control method is significantly more linear and less hysteresis than the voltage control method.     

Finite element analysis of piezoelectric actuator with PMN–PT single crystals for nanopositioning

A piezoelectric bending actuator has been used widely in areas related to precision position controlling, loudspeakers, and pressure sensing. In this paper, a fine focusing actuator is designed using a computer aided design tools, Solid Works 2004, for an optical disk drive pick-up system. The finite element analyses are performed with the software COSMOS Work 2004 and the ANSYS 5.7. The tip displacement of the piezoelectric bending actuator with PMN-PT single crystals is 46 μm at 10 V. It is 15 times larger than tip displacement of PZT ceramics for the same design. The tip displacement obtained from the finite element analyses agrees with the measured data very well.     

Design and calibration of a piezoelectric actuator for interferometric applications

The present work reports a possible solution for a low-cost piezoelectric actuator available for interferometric applications. In the paper the design, the assembly and the calibration of the actuator are described in detail.

The solution adopted consists of a machined stainless steel case deformed by three low-voltage multilayer plumbum zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic blocks. In the proposed arrangement a three degree of freedom device is obtained, by which a translation and two rotations can be performed.

The PZTs are driven by a supply voltage provided by a 16 bit D/A converter directly connected to the parallel port of a personal computer which guarantees a very accurate output. This voltage is applied on each ceramic by means of a variable resistor, by which it is possible to adjust the maximum driving voltage for the single block. This electrical solution allows to match up the strokes of the ceramics in order to obtain a straight expansion of the whole actuator.

After the mechanical and electrical set-up of the actuator, a static calibration was carried out by inserting it along one arm of a Michelson speckle interferometer. The calibration procedure had emphasized the hysteresis loop and the non-linearity of the electromechanical behaviour of the actuator.     

Dynamics modelling of beams with shunted piezoelectric elements

General modelling of a resonant shunting damper has been made from piezoelectric sensor/actuator equations. It is found that an additional damping, which is augmented to a system, is generated by the shunt damping effect. The transfer function of the tuned electrical absorber is derived for both series and parallel shunt circuit. The governing equations and associated boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton's principle. The shunt voltage equation is also derived from the charge generated in PZT due to beam vibration. The frequency response function of the obtained mathematical model is compared with that of the tuned electrical absorber and experimental work. The vibration amplitude is reduced about 15 dB at targeted second mode frequency.     

变宽度分割电极片状压电致动器的位移特性

针对硬磁盘驱动器中磁头定位两级伺服系统设计了一种新型压电致动器——悬臂梁式变宽度分割电极片状压电致动器.沿厚度方向极化的PZT压电陶瓷薄长片，宽度沿长度方向变化且沿长轴对称，一端固定一端自由构成悬臂梁.其上下两表面的电极均沿长轴分割成对称的两部分.施加电场使其中一半在d₃₁模式作用下伸长，而与其对称的另一半缩短，则压电片沿宽度方向产生弯曲，自由端便可产生致动位移.对该致动器的驱动电压-端部致动位移特性进行了理论分析、有限元模拟及实验验证.致动器中的电场诱导应力远小于陶瓷的抗张强度.致动器端部位移的测试结果略大于理论计算值.与现有磁头悬浮臂尺寸相近的致动器，在20—50V的电压驱动下均可获得1—2μm的致动位移.对25kTPI(track per inch)的高道密度硬磁盘，该位移已能覆盖至少一个磁道宽度，满足磁头定位两级伺服系统对第二级致动器致动位移的基本要求. 关键词：     

Piezoelectric activity of thin PTZ films

The manifestations of the piezoelectric activity of thin ferroelectric PZT films produced by high-frequency cathode sputtering of targets of a stoichiometric composition are studied. The films are found to have natural unipolarity. Possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed. A family of piezoelectric hysteresis loops is experimentally recorded at various frequencies and strengths of an applied bias field. The dependences obtained are compared to classical dielectric hysteresis loops.     

Thin-disk piezoceramic ultrasonic motor. Part I: design and performance evaluation

The purpose of this study is to gain the knowledge and experience in the design of thin-disk piezoceramic-driving ultrasonic actuator dedicated. In this paper, the design and construction of an innovative ultrasonic actuator is developed as a stator, which is a composite structure consisting of piezoceramic (PZT) membrane bonded on a metal sheet. Such a concentric PZT structure possesses the electrical and mechanical coupling characteristics in flexural wave. The driving ability of the actuator comes from the mechanical vibration of extension and shrinkage of a metal sheet due to the converse piezoelectric effect, corresponding to the frequency of a single-phase AC power. By applying the constraints on the specific geometry positions on the metal sheet, the various behaviors of flexural waves have been at the different directions. The rotor is impelled by the actuator with rotational speeds of 600 rpm in maximum using a friction-contact mechanism. Very high actuating and braking abilities are obtained. This simple and inexpensive structure of actuator demonstrates that the mechanical design of actuator and rotor could be done separately and flexibly according to the requirements for various applications. And, its running accuracy and positioning precision are described in Part II.A closed loop servo positioning control i.e. sliding mode control (SMC) is used to compensate automatically for nonlinearly mechanical behaviors such as dry friction, ultrasonic vibrating, slip-stick phenomena. Additionally, SMC scheme has been successfully applied to position tracking to prove the excellent robust performance in noise rejection.     

Consideration of piezoceramic actuator nonlinearity in the active isolation of deterministic vibration

There is an increasing need to effectively control micro-vibration in such fields as metrology, optics and micro-electronics. This paper describes the design of an adaptive feedforward strategy for vibration isolation of harmonic disturbance using a piezoelectric actuator with hysteretic behavior. A nonlinear analytical model of the piezoelectric actuator including a ferroelectric-like behavior is built using a Preisach model of hysteresis. Pre-multiplication of a single-frequency reference signal by the nonlinear model of the stack is investigated in order to effectively compensate the actuator nonlinearity. It is observed that a simple linear model of the stack is sufficient in the adaptation of a filtered-X LMS feedforward controller to effectively compensate the actuator nonlinearity, provided the reference signal has frequency components at the disturbance frequency and its higher harmonics.     

双层板腔结构声传输及其有源控制研究

利用子系统模态综合方法,结合阻抗-导纳矩阵法,建立了双层板腔结构向自由空间声传输及其在入射板PZT控制、辐射板PZT控制,和腔中次级声源作动等多种控制策略下,系统物理模型的统一的分析模型,导出了系统模态响应及最优次级源强度的统一的阻抗-导纳矩阵表达式。该模型表达式各部分物理意义清晰、明确,便于进行系统耦合理论、有源控制及其机理的分析和数值研究。然后,在此基础上对双层板腔结构声传输有源控制进行了全面深入的数值计算和分析研究,重点探讨了控制方法策略及系统参数对有源控制效果的影响及其对应的控制机理。结果表明:入射板PZT作动辐射声功率最小控制策略是通过入射板、声腔和辐射板三个子系统的模态抑制或重组达到消声的目的,涉及多种复杂控制机理,对入射板、辐射板和声腔模态均有效,但对入射板模态更有效;在低频段声腔(0,0,0)模态在系统耦合响应中起主导作用,因此利用腔中次级声源作动能获得较理想的控制效果,是一种较好的控制策略;由于声腔模态与结构模态间复杂的耦合关系,使得某些频率处腔中声势能一定程度上的降低并不一定导致系统声传输损失的增加,因此,腔中声势能最小控制策略不一定能够获得理想的声传输控制效果。