C12-m-C12型阳离子Gemini表面活性剂在煤沥青表面的润湿性

利用座滴法和电泳法研究了阳离子Gemini表面活性剂C₁₂-m-C₁₂·2Br^-(m=4、6、8、10)在煤沥青表面的润湿性质及吸附机理。结果表明, 表面张力均随表面活性剂浓度的增大而减小, 超过临界胶束浓度(CMC)后趋于平稳, 接触角θ和铺展系数S的变化趋势与表面张力类似; 在所研究浓度范围内,C₁₂-10-C₁₂型表面活性剂的γ_lg~cosθ曲线符合Zisman理论, 且侵湿功(W_i)与表面张力也呈线性关系; 煤沥青表面的Zeta电位随表面活性剂浓度的增加从负电变为正电,最后趋于平稳, 且零电位对应的浓度比CMC至少低一个数量级; C₁₂-8-C₁₂型Gemini表面活性剂能显著改变煤沥青表面的润湿性. 由Gemini表面活性剂在煤沥青表面润湿结果及Zeta电位可以看出, C₁₂-m-C₁₂型Gemini表面活性剂在煤沥青表面的润湿是静电作用和范德华吸附共同作用的结果; 润湿过程可分为三个阶段。     

Gemini 阴离子表面活性剂水溶液的聚集性质

合成了一种Gemini阴离子表面活性剂,测定了其临界胶束浓度cmc和cmc时的表面张力γcmc,与传统的单基表面活性剂相比,其临界胶束浓度降低了一个数量级,具有突出的降低水的表面张力的效率;研究了该种Gemini表面活性剂的浓度对于胶束聚集数的影响,结果表明,随着浓度的增加,胶束聚集数出现了一个极大值,同时观察到液晶微相的生成.     

支链醇对Gemini表面活性剂表面活性和胶束化行为的影响

Gemini表面活性剂是一类高效的新型表面活性剂,而醇是工业界和日化领域最常采用的表面活性剂助剂,因此研究不同结构的醇对Gemini表面活性剂表面活性和胶束化行为的影响规律和机理对于促进Gemini表面活性剂的发展和实际应用具有重要意义.利用表面张力、电导、等温滴定微量热,低温透射电镜和核磁共振研究了直链醇1-戊醇和具有相同主链的支链醇2-己醇与3-庚醇对具有不同长度连接基团阳离子季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂C₁₂C_SC₁₂Br₂ （S=2,4,6,8,10,12）的表面活性和胶束化行为的影响,结果发现,支链醇能够显著影响表面活性剂在气/液界面的排布,使得C₂₀ （使溶剂的表面张力降低20 mN/m所需的表面活性剂浓度）和γ_CMC （CMC时表面张力值）随醇支化度的增加而显著降低,而支链醇对表面活性剂在溶液中的临界胶束浓度以及胶束的尺寸和形貌均没有明显影响,同时这些醇对Gemini表面活性剂的影响与连接基团的长度相关.阐述了上述结果产生的机理,将有助于指导如何选择合适结构的醇助剂去调控Gemini表面活性剂的表面和溶液性质.     

乙醇/水混合溶剂中Gemini表面活性剂的表面性质

通过对Gemini表面活性剂12-s-12 (Et)(s=4, 6, 8, 10, 12)体系在乙醇/水混合溶剂中的表面张力曲线的测定, 对该体系的表面性质进行了研究. 发现随乙醇/水比例变化, Gemini各种表面化学性质, 如临界胶束浓度(cmc)、表面张力(γcmc)、饱和吸附量(Γmax)和最小分子占有面积(Amin)等的变化规律. 拓展了Gemini表面活性剂在混合溶剂中表面吸附的研究.     

支链化阳离子和甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚四氟乙烯表面润湿性的影响

利用座滴法研究了支链化阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基羟丙基氯化铵(C₁₆GPC)和两性离子表面活性剂十六烷基羧酸甜菜碱(C₁₆GPB)在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)表面上的吸附机制和润湿性质, 考察了表面活性剂浓度对表面张力、接触角、粘附张力、固液界面张力和粘附功的影响趋势. 研究发现, 低浓度条件下, 表面活性剂疏水支链的多个亚甲基基团与PTFE表面发生相互作用, 分子以平躺的方式吸附到固体界面; 支链化表面活性剂形成胶束的阻碍较大, 浓度大于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时, C₁₆GPC和C₁₆GPB分子在固液界面上继续吸附, 与PTFE作用的亚甲基基团减少, 分子逐渐直立, 固液界面自由能(γ_sl)明显降低. 对于支链化的阳离子和甜菜碱分子, 接触角均在浓度高于cmc后大幅度降低.     

系列离子液体型Gemini咪唑表面活性剂在水溶液中的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了系列离子液体型Gemini咪唑表面活性剂在水溶液中的表面活性和胶束化能力. 模拟结果表明,压力张量法得到的表面张力模拟值偏小,需乘以修正系数矫正;分子动力学模拟得到的临界胶束浓度变化规律与实验相符,可以定性比较不同结构的离子液体型Gemini咪唑分子间的胶束化能力;温度的升高会加剧分子的热运动,不利于离子液体型Gemini咪唑表面活性剂在水溶液中形成胶束;此外,研究还发现联接基不同的离子液体型Gemini咪唑表面活性剂可能遵循不同的胶束化机理.S≤6时,单个分子自组装成胶球后发生聚合形成大胶团.随着咪唑上长烷烃链碳数的增加,[C_n-4-C_nim]胶束化能力提高;而随着联接链长度增加,[C₁₀-S-C₁₀im]胶束化能力降低;当S ＞6时,分子联接基弯曲并伸入其它分子烷烃链内部以减小头基分离力,从而形成稳定的胶束或胶团.随着联接基团亚甲基数的增加,头基斥力减小,附加疏水相互作用增强,[C₁₀-S-C₁₀im]胶束化能力提高.     

Gemini表面活性剂烷烃尾链在吸附和聚集过程中的疏水协同效应(英文)

以表面张力法测定了系列Gemini表面活性剂m-6-m以及对应单体表面活性剂CmTABr的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和降低水表面张力20mN·m-1需要的浓度(pC20).比较这些参数表明m-6-m胶束化和在界面吸附的能力均强于CmTABr,这被归结为Gemini表面活性剂烷烃尾链间的疏水协同效应.与不对称Gemini表面活性剂12-6-m比较,对称的Gemini结构更有利于表面活性剂的聚集和吸附.     

阳离子碳氟表面活性剂研究I: 水溶液中的胶束特性及生长

利用动态光散射(Dynamic Light Scattering, DLS)、瞬态电双折射(Transient Electric Birefringence, TEB)和粘度测定方法研究了部分氟代阳离子表面活性剂氟代-2-羟基十一烷基二乙羟基甲基氯化铵(diethanolheptadecafluoro-2-undecanol methylammonium chloride, C₈F₁₇CH₂CH(OH)CH₂NCH₃(C₂H₄OH)₂Cl, DEFUMACl)水溶液的胶束化特性. 结果表明: DEFUMACl的临界胶束浓度cmc为3.8 mmol•L^－1. 稀溶液中随着DEFUMACl浓度的增加或者无机盐NaCl的加入, DEFUMACl胶束由球形向棒状转变, 其转变浓度, 即第二临界胶束浓度(cmc_II)为0.2 mol•L^－1; 电导测定的反离子(Cl^－)结合度为0.72. 利用球形和棒状胶束模型确定的DEFUMACl胶束聚集数分别为45和335.     

十二烷基混合糖苷与其它表面活性剂二元体系表面吸附和胶束形成的顺序研究

摘要绿色表面活性剂烷基糖苷C₁₂G _1.46具有混合糖苷组成, 将其分别与十二烷基三氧乙烯磺酸钠C₁₂E₃S、 十二烷基三甲基氯化铵C₁₂TAC、 三硅氧烷非离子表面活性剂BE-6、 聚醚类表面活性剂 TMN-6复配, 在25 ℃下测定它们在0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液中的表面活性, 通过其混合表面层和混合胶束的分子交换能(ε, ε_m)的计算得出如下结论: (1) C₁₂G_1.46的活性高于C₁₂G₁和C₁₂G₂, 即烷基混合糖苷的活性高于相同烷基的纯糖苷的结论得到了进一步证实. 利用MM2分子力场计算的能量数据可合理地解释这种混合产品活性提高的原因. (2) 在该烷基混合糖苷的二元体系溶液中, 对其表面吸附和胶束化两个过程的顺序问题进行探讨, 一种情况是先建立表面吸附, 再形成胶束(C₁₂G_1.46/BE-6 和 C₁₂G_1.46/TMN-6 体系); 另一种情况是表面吸附和胶束化同时进行(C₁₂G_1.46/C₁₂TAC和C₁₂G_1.46/C₁₂E₃S体系).     

N-酰基-L-丝氨酸钠表面活性剂的合成和胶束化热力学性质

以L-丝氨酸和长链酰氯为原料,合成了3种不同碳链长度（n=8,12,14）的N-酰基-L-丝氨酸。 并以1H NMR、ESI-MS和元素分析对3种目标产物进行了表征。 采用表面张力法研究了N-酰基-L-丝氨酸钠在298、308、318和328 K时水溶液中的聚集行为,确定了临界胶束浓度（cmc）、临界胶束浓度下的最低表面张力（γcmc）、表面饱和吸附量Γmax。 由cmc和温度的关系,应用相分离模型计算了胶束化热力学参数ΔGom、ΔHom和ΔSom。 结果表明,ΔGom＜0,ΔHom的绝对值比-TΔSom绝对值小的多,说明胶束化过程为熵驱动过程,随着温度的升高,胶束化过程是熵-焓补偿的过程。     

十六烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠表面化学性质及胶团化作用

用滴体积法通过表面张力的测定, 系统地研究了十六烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠(C₁₆-MADS)在不同温度(298.0～318.0 K)和不同NaCl浓度(0～0.50 mol•L^-1)下的表面活性. 结果表明, 温度升高使C₁₆-MADS溶液的临界胶束浓度(cmc)略有增大, 表面极限吸附量(Γ_∞)降低. cmc随NaCl浓度的增大从1.45×10^-4 mol•L^-1降至4.10×10^-5 mol•L^-1, 但最低表面张力(γ_cmc)基本不受影响. 在298.0 K与303.0 K时, NaCl浓度的增大, Γ_∞增大; 在308.0、313.0与318.0 K时, NaCl浓度的增大, 出现了Γ_∞从2.27 μmol•m^-2降低至1.41 μmol•m^-2的“反常”现象. 胶团形成自由能(ΔG_m⁰)随温度和NaCl浓度增加负值增大(－63.98～－76.20 kJ•mol^-1), 胶团的形成主要是熵驱动过程.     

Big macrocyclic assemblies of carboranes (big MACs): synthesis and crystal structure of a macrocyclic assembly of four carboranes containing alternate ortho- and meta-carborane icosahedra linked by para-phenylene units

The macrocyclic compound, [1,2-C₂B₁₀H₁₀-1,4-C₆H₄-1,7-C₂B₁₀H₁₀-1,4-C₆H₄]₂ (5)—a novel cyclooctaphane, was prepared by condensation of the C,C′-dicopper(I) derivative of meta-carborane with 1,2-bis(4-iodophenyl)-ortho-carborane. The X-ray crystal structure of 5·C₆H₆·6C₆H₁₂ was determined at 150 K, revealing an extremely loose packing mode. Molecule 5 has a crystallographic C_s and local C_2v symmetry; the macrocycle adopts a butterfly (dihedral angle 143°) conformation with the ortho-carborane units at the wingtips and the phenylene ring planes roughly perpendicular to the wing planes. Multinuclear NMR spectra suggest that molecule 5 in solution inverts rapidly via the planar D_2h geometry, which (from ab initio HF/6-31G* calculations) is only 1 kcal mol⁻¹ higher in energy than the C_2v one. An attempt to prepare an even larger macrocycle, comprising three para-carborane and three ortho-carborane units linked by six para-phenylene units, was unsuccessful.     

The decomposition of C4H8 complexes at controlled internal energies

A coincidence technique is used to study the influence of the internal energy of the reactant ion on the cross section of the ion-molecule reactions in the C₂H₄⁺ + C₂H₄ system. The experiment is performed at thermal collision energies. In the ion-molecule reactions of C₂H₄⁺ + C₂H₄ our measurements indicate a barrier between the initially formed collision complex (C₂H₄)₂⁺* and a tight complex (C₄H₈⁺)*. Using an extension of our earlier developed statistical model, now including a potential barrier between the initially formed loose complex (C₂H₄)₂⁺* and the tight complex (C₄H₈⁺)*, our experimental data can be reproduced. For comparison also the internal energy dependence of the unimolecular decomposition of photoionised 1-C₄H₈⁺ is measured. Assuming that the photoionised 1-C₄H₈⁺ is identical with the tight (C₄H₈⁺)* complex, the model applied to the ion-molecule reactions describes also the unimolecular decay of 1-C₄H₈⁺ correctly, using the same set of parameters.     

阴离子插层镁铝水滑石结构及相互作用的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了MgAl-LDHs层板与无机阴离子(F^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、CO₃^2-、SO₄^2-)和有机阴离子(水杨酸根离子([HO(C₆H₄)COO]^-)、苯甲酸根离子([(C₆H₅)COO]^-)、对二甲氨基苯甲酸根离子([p-(CH₃)₂N(C₆H₄)COO]^-)、十二烷基磺酸根离子[C₁₂H₂₅SO₃]^-、己烷基磺酸根离子[C₆H₁₃SO₃]^-、丙烷基磺酸根离子[C₃H₇SO₃]^-)间的相互作用,获得稳定超分子几何结构及相互作用能。层板主体与客体间存在较强的超分子作用,包括主客体间静电作用和氢键等。主、客体间相互作用能数值大小顺序为CO₃^2- > SO₄^2- > F^-> Cl^-> NO₃^-;[p-(CH₃)₂N(C₆H₄)COO]^-> [(C₆H₅)COO]^-> [HO(C₆H₄)COO]^-和[C₁₂H₂₅SO₃]^-> [C₆H₁₃SO₃]^- > [C₃H₇SO₃]^-。另外,还采用自然键轨道(NBO)计算和分析了LDHs 层板与阴离子间作用机理,从二阶微扰理论计算得到的稳定化能变化趋势与相互作用能数据基本吻合。     

Synthesis of metallocenes of zirconium, hafnium, manganese, iron, tin, lead and half-sandwich complexes of rhodium and iridium containing the ligands (η-C5R4CR′2PMe2), where R and R′ may be H or Me

The dimethylphosphino substituted cyclopentadienyl precursor compounds [M(C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)], where M=Li⁺ (1), Na⁺ (2), or K⁺ (3), and [Li(C₅H₄CR′₂PMe₂)], where R′₂=Me₂ (4), or (CH₂)₅ (5), [HC₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂H]X, where X⁻=Cl⁻ (6) or PF₆⁻ (7) and [HC₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂] (8), are described. They have been used to prepare new metallocene compounds, of which representative examples are [Fe(η-C₅R₄CR′₂PMe₂)₂], where R=Me, R′=H (9); R=H and R′₂=Me₂ (10), or (CH₂)₅ (11), [Fe(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₃)₂]I₂ (12), [Fe{η-C₅Me₄CH₂P(O)Me₂}₂] (13), [Zr(η-C₅R₄CR′₂PMe₂)₂Cl₂], where R=H, R′=Me (14), or R=Me, R′=H (15), [Hf(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂]Cl₂] (16), [Zr(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂Me₂] (17), {[Zr(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)₂]Cl}{(C₆F₅)₃BClB(C₆F₅)₃} (18), [Zr{(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)₂Cl₂}PtI₂] (19), [Mn(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)₂] (20), [Mn{(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂B(C₆F₅)₃}₂] (21), [Pb(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂] (23), [Sn(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂] (24), [Pb{η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂B(C₆F₅)₃}₂] (25), [Pb(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂PtI₂] (26), [Rh(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)(C₂H₄)] 29, [M(η,κP-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)I₂], where M=Rh (30), or Ir, (31).     

Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of palladium(II) compounds containing terdentate [Csp, N, S] or [Csp, N, S] ligands

The study of the reactivity of R---CH=N---(C₆H₄-2-SMe) with R=C₆H₅ or 2,4,6-Me₃-C₆H₂ with palladium(II) salts is reported. These studies have allowed us to prepare and characterize the coordination complexes: cis-[Pd{R---CH=N---(C₆H₄-2-SMe)}Cl₂] {R=C₆H₅ or 2,4,6-Me₃-C₆H₂} and the cyclopalladated compounds [Pd{C₆H₄---CH=N---(C₆H₄-2-SMe)}Cl] and [Pd{(2-CH₂-4,6-Me₂-C₆H₂)---CH=N---(C₆H₄-2-SMe)}Cl]. The X-ray crystal structures of the latter complexes reveal that the thioimines act as a [Csp², phenyl,N,S]⁻ and as a [Csp³, N,S]⁻ terdentate group, respectively. The study of the reactions of the cyclopalladated compounds with PPh₃ is also reported.     

含有酰胺基或酯基的可降解阳离子Gemini表面活性剂在水溶液中的聚集行为

In the last thirty years, Gemini surfactants with various structures have been designed, synthesized, and demonstrated to show superior physicochemical properties. However, the utilization of non-degradable surfactants, including these Gemini surfactants, poses a threat to the environment; hence, degradable Gemini surfactants are desirable. Herein, biodegradable cationic Gemini surfactants with amide or ester groups in the hydrophobic chains or the spacer were synthesized. A monomeric surfactant containing an amide group and a Gemini surfactant with amide groups both in the hydrophobic chains and the spacer were synthesized for comparison. The effects of amide group location on the aggregation behavior of Gemini surfactants were studied systematically. The differences between the Gemini surfactants with amide groups and Gemini surfactants with ester groups were evaluated by comparing their aggregation behavior and hydrogen bonding formation. The Gemini surfactants with amide groups (C₁₂A-C_n-AC₁₂) in the chains showed much larger exothermic ΔH_mic and more negative ΔG_mic values than those of the corresponding monomeric surfactant C₁₂A; besides, their critical micelle concentration (cmc) was more than one order of magnitude lower than that of C₁₂A. The amide groups located in the hydrophobic alkyl chains promoted hydrogen bonding formation and self-assembly of the Gemini surfactants C₁₂A-C_n-AC₁₂. Moreover, ¹H NMR spectra revealed that the co-effect of a short spacer and hydrogen bonding leads to slow exchange of the C₁₂A-C₂-AC₁₂ molecules between the monomer and the aggregate. For the Gemini surfactant series C₁₂-AC_nA-C₁₂, the amide groups notably increased the spacer length, and largest cmc value and smallest exothermic ΔH_mic value were observed for C₁₂-AC₂A-C₁₂ instead of C₁₂-AC₆A-C₁₂. In C₁₂-AC₁₂A-C₁₂, the spacer was long and sufficiently flexible to adopt a "U"-shaped conformation above the cmc, and it acted as the hydrophobic part of the surfactant, as confirmed by ¹H NMR spectra. Among the Gemini surfactant with amide groups in both the spacer and the hydrophobic alkyl chains, C₁₂A-AC₆A-AC₁₂ had a smaller cmc and I₁/I₃ ratio as well as more exothermic ΔH_mic values than those of C₁₂A-C₆-AC₁₂ and C₁₂-AC₆A-C₁₂. ¹H NMR spectra indicated that an ester-alcohol structural equilibrium exists during aggregation for the Gemini surfactants with ester groups. In addition, the Gemini surfactants with ester groups formed water-mediated hydrogen bonds in the aggregates. This water-mediated hydrogen bonding between ester groups was weaker than the direct hydrogen bonding between amide groups. Therefore, the Gemini surfactants with ester groups, C₁₂E-C₆-EC₁₂ and C₁₂-EC₆E-C₁₂, exhibited lower surface activity, a larger micelle ionization degree, higher micropolarity, and smaller exothermic ΔH_mic and less negative ΔG_mic values than their counterparts with amide groups, C₁₂A-C₆-AC₁₂ and C₁₂-AC₆A-C₁₂.     

Formation of [C60C5H5] adduct cations and theoretical study of the isomers

We study here the reactions between C₆₀ and planar C₅H₅⁺ cations that lead to the formation of [C₆₀C₅H₅]⁺ adduct cations in the chemical ionization source of the mass spectrometer. The structures, stabilities and charge locations of some possible isomers of [C₆₀C₅H₅]⁺: σ-adduct, π-complex, [1,4]- and [l,2]-addition cations, are studied by AM1 semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. We find that the most stable is the σ-addition cation. Another interesting and stable structure is the π-complex cation which is bonded by the electrostatic interaction at the inter-ring distance of 1.589 Å with the C_5v symmetry. The C₅H₅⁺ cyclopentadienium cation seems to be an “inverted umbrella” sitting on a five-membered ring of the C₆₀ cage.     

Arylkomplexe des typs trans-[Ir(Ar)(CO)(PPh3)2]

The preparation and properties as well as some reactions of a series of arylcarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)iridium(I) complexes [Ir(Ar)(CO)(PPh₃)₂] (Ar = C₆H₅, C₆F₅, 2-C₆H₄CH₃, 3-C₆H₄CH₃, 4-C₆H₄CH₃, 2-C₆H₄OCH₃, 2,6-C₆H₃-(OCH₃)₂, 4-C₆H₄N(CH₃)₂, 3-C₆H₄Cl, 4-C₆H₄Cl, 4-C₆H₄Cl, 3-C₆H₄CF₃, 4-C₆H₄CF₃) are described, and the most important IR data as well as the ³¹P NMR parameters of these, without exception trans-planar, compounds are given.

Some of the complexes react with molecular oxygen to form well defined dioxygen adducts [Ir(Ar)(O₂)(CO)(PPh₃)₂] (Ar = C₆H₅, 3-C₆H₄CH₃, 4-C₆H₄CH₃). Complexes with ortho-substituted aryl ligands are not oxygenated. This effect is referred to as a steric shielding of the metal center by the corresponding ortho-substituents. With SO₂ the similar irreversible addition compound [Ir(4-C₆H₄CH₃)-(SO₂)(CO)(PPh₃)₂] is obtained. Sulfur dioxide insertion into the Ir---C bond cannot be observed.

The first step of the reaction between [Ir(4-C₆H₄CH₃)(CO)(PPh₃)₂] and hydrogen chloride involves an oxidative addition of HCl to give [Ir(H)(Cl)(4-C₆-H₄CH₃)(CO)(PPh₃)₂]. Ir---C bond cleavage by reductive elimination of toluene from the primary adduct does not occur except at elevated temperature.