基于微分博弈的生鲜农产品三级供应链温度控制投入研究

针对生鲜农产品三级供应链温度控制投入的最优动态决策与协调问题,考虑供应链供应商、零售商和第三方物流服务商三方温度控制投入对生鲜农产品新鲜度的共同影响,分别构建集中式和批发价分散式决策下微分博弈模型,并比较两种决策情形下最优温度控制投入水平和供应链的各成员及整体利润。利用“互为成本分担-带固定补贴契约”对供应链进行协调,并结合数值算例,对不同决策情形下影响参数进行了敏感性分析和协调机制效果分析。研究表明：协调机制下“互为成本分担-带固定补贴契约”与批发价分散决策相比,协调机制下“互为成本分担-带固定补贴契约”供应链供应商、零售商和第三方物流服务商能够得到帕累托改善。     

顾客策略行为下基于联合促销努力的风险规避供应链协调模型

本文在考虑顾客策略行为情形下,利用条件风险度量准则建立了带有联合促销努力供应链协调模型,研究了风险规避对销售商和供应商决策行为的影响,得到了如下研究结论:(1)集中决策情形,价格承诺策略既可以激励供应商提高生产量,还能够有效降低顾客策略行为对其产生的负面影响。(2)分散决策情形,销售商风险规避度增大,销售商的订购量将增加,供应商的销售努力也将增加;供应商风险规避度增大,销售商的订购量将减小,供应商的销售努力也将减小;无论供应商和销售商的风险规避如何变化,销售商的销售努力不变。(3)利用回购和成本分担组成的混合契约可以实现供应链完美协调。     

价格和服务双因素影响的供应链协调决策模型研究

以单个制造商和存在竞争的两个零售商组成的供应链结构模型为研究对象,建立价格和服务两个重要因素影响的市场需求函数,研究供应链协调决策模型。以销售价格、服务质量和制造商批发价格作为三个决策变量,分析集中决策和分散决策两种情景的最优策略,研究收益共享、服务成本分担、收益共享成本分担等三种不同契约的供应链协调问题,并使用数值仿真方法,分析了相关参数变化对系统协调的影响。仿真结果表明:收益共享契约和成本分担契约需满足一定条件才能达到供应链协调,但其效果不一定实现帕累托最优;收益共享和成本分担契约可实现供应链协调,但收入共享系数需在合理区间取值;改进的收益共享成本分担契约能够避免共享系数的盲区,更加有效地达到供应链协调,保持供应链良好运行。     

随机弹性需求下供应链销售价格与提前期联合决策及协调机制

研究了市场需求随机且对销售价格及提前期敏感的条件下,供应链如何制定最优的销售价格、提前期以及库存因子使得利润最大化。首先,分析了集中决策与分散决策供应链的最优决策,发现集中决策与分散决策模式下的提前期与库存因子是相同的,但分散决策下的销售价格更高、期望利润更低,且分散决策与集中决策供应链的利润之比随着需求对价格的敏感程度的增大而增大。然后建立了收入共享与成本分担的协调机制,并分析了其最优决策。研究发现,协调决策机制可以有效地压缩提前期,并能同时使供应链达到帕累托改进,但不能达到完美协调,而且还发现协调决策下制定的最优销售价格比分散决策要低。最后通过数值计算对三种供应链决策模式下的绩效进行了比较分析,结果表明供应链利润随着需求方差增大而减小,提前期压缩程度随着材料成本承担比例增大而增大。上述结论可以为企业制定销售价格与提前期决策以及企业间的协调提供有益的指导。     

专利保护下再制造闭环供应链差别定价与协调研究

本文目的是研究当再制造闭环供应链系统中原制造商具专利保护以及新产品与再制造品之间存在差异情况下,闭环供应链系统成员的最优决策及系统协调机制设计问题。根据现实情形构建了再制造闭环供应链差别定价模型,利用博弈理论讨论了集中决策与分散决策情形下节点企业的最优定价策略及最优利润。研究结果表明,废旧产品的再造率和专利许可费用均对废旧产品的回收价格和回收量具有一定的影响;消费者对再制造品的接受程度会影响到供应链系统各方的最优定价策略及利润;提出的一种收益-费用分担契约协调机制,可以实现分散决策下闭环供应链系统的协调和效率优化。     

易逝品价格连续下降情况下带有随机需求的供应链协调

本文研究了短生命周期产品价格随时间连续下降情况下单供应商和单销售商渠道中的供应链协调。分别建立了分散决策、集中决策和基于收入共享合同的最优订货策略模型,讨论了模型的相关性质,提出了一种基于收入共享合同的供应链协调策略,来实现整个供应链的协调。并指出该策略不仅适用于价格时变情况,能实现整个供应链的期望利润最大化,并且具有很好的适用性。最后,用实例仿真验证了本文所给出的模型和策略的有效性。     

供需不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链组合契约设计

本文研究供需同时不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链契约设计问题,在一个供应商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链系统中,供应商的努力影响产量的不确定性,零售商的努力影响市场需求的不确定性。首先,利用Stackerberg主从博弈模型计算了分散决策时零售商、供应商的最优期望利润,并将计算结果与集中决策时供应链整体的最优期望利润进行对比。由于双重边际效应的存在,分散决策时供应链的最优期望利润小于集中决策时供应链的最优期望利润。基于此,本文设计了回购和成本分担组合契约来协调该供应链,计算了回购价格和成本分担系数的表达式,得到了回购和成本分担契约下供应商和零售商的最优期望利润。结果表明,在特定条件下,该组合契约不仅可以协调供应链,还可以实现供应链利润的任意分配。最后,通过数值计算,分析了供需双方的决策变量和期望利润随契约参数的变化情况。     

碳限额与交易机制下受资金约束的供应链优化

在碳限额与交易机制下,研究零售商受资金约束的供应链优化问题。构建了制造商占优的两级供应链Stackelberg博弈模型,通过引入减排成本分担机制,分别给出了分散决策和集中决策的最优解。通过收益共享契约,实现了供应链协调和供应链成员利润的帕累托改善。通过算例分析了不同减排成本分担系数、碳交易价格对供应链利润和订购量、碳减排决策的影响,为供应链各成员开展减排合作提供了理论依据。研究结果表明,供应链成员的合作不仅可以提高供应链总绩效,而且有利于为消费者提供更多、更绿色的产品;碳价格的提高,促使供应链更加努力减排,从而提高了供应链总利润。     

考虑决策者失望规避的供应链协同绿色创新动态优化与协调研究

针对决策者存在失望规避行为且产品绿色水平具有动态变化特征的情形,基于失望理论,运用微分博弈的方法研究了供应链协同绿色创新动态优化与协调问题,探讨了供应链成员失望规避程度对绿色创新决策及供应链绩效的影响,并提出双向成本分担契约对供应链进行协调。结果表明,供应链成员是否选择协同绿色创新及产品的绿色水平均与成员的失望规避程度密切相关;分散式决策下,若制造商选择分担供应商部分绿色创新成本,其分担比例与制造商失望规避程度负相关,与供应商失望规避程度正相关;集中式决策下,产品绿色水平、成员绿色创新水平及效用现值均高于协调前分散系统中的对应值;在一定条件下,双向成本分担契约的设计与实施,能有效提升供应链成员效用现值,实现供应链协调。     

零售商公平关切下双渠道闭环供应链的协调

在双渠道闭环供应链中考虑零售商具有公平关切行为倾向,针对集中、分散两种决策情形分别建立双渠道闭环供应链定价模型,研究和对比了两种不同决策情形对直销价格、零售价格、回收价格及供应链系统利润的影响.研究表明,分散决策情形的系统利润要低于集中决策情形的系统利润;制造商提供一个由批发价格、直销价格和回收转移价格组成的协调契约可以协调双渠道闭环供应链,但该契约只对零售商有利,对制造商不利,为此,通过增加一个利润共享补充协议或两部定价补充协议可以有效协调双渠道闭环供应链,实现制造商和零售商的双赢;而零售商公平关切行为的存在将增强零售商参与协调时的议价能力,进一步影响零售商利润分享比例或零售商支付给制造商固定费用的变化范围.     

Call,put and bidirectional option contracts in agricultural supply chains with sales effort

This paper develops option contracts in a supplier-retailer agricultural supply chain where the market demand depends on sales effort. First, we examine a benchmark case of integrated supply chain with the loss rate. Second, we introduce three coordinating option contracts led by the supplier to reduce the retailer's risk, where the call option contract can reduce the shortage risk, the put option contract can reduce the inventory risk and the bidirectional option contract can reduce the bilateral risk. We find that both the optimal initial order quantity and the optimal option quantity increase with the sales effort and the option price will balance the influence of the loss rate on supply chain coordination. Furthermore, the bidirectional option price is the highest while its option quantity is the least, and the put option initial order quantity is the highest. Third, we also consider an option contract led by the retailer to reduce the supplier's wholesale risk. Among the above four option contracts, we find that the option quantity led by the retailer is the highest. Finally, the numerical examples present the impact of the parameters on the optimal decisions, and provide practical managerial insights to reduce the different risk in the agricultural supply chain.     

Pareto quantity flexibility contracts for a supply chain under multiple objectives

We analyse a decentralized supply chain consisting of a supplier and a retailer. The terms of trade between the two agents are specified by a quantity flexibility (QF) contract. We first identify the Pareto QF contracts for the supply chain where each agent adopts a satisficing objective, that is, to maximize the probability of achieving his/her predetermined target profit. It is shown that to coordinate such a supply chain, QF contracts have to degenerate into wholesale price (WP) contracts. This provides an additional justification for the popularity of WP contracts besides their simplicities and lower administration costs. Next, we consider the supply chain where each agent adopts multiple objectives, namely the satisficing objective and the objective of expected profit maximization (EPM). It is shown that there always exist QF contracts that coordinate the supply chain under the objective of EPM and are simultaneously Pareto optimal for the satisficing objective.     

销售努力及双市场化期权下的三级供应链协调

本文针对需求随机且受到零售商销售努力影响的情况,研究了由制造商、分销商和零售商组成的三级供应链的协调问题。文章首先用双期权契约对三级供应链进行协调,即在制造商和分销商以及分销商和零售商之间都采用期权契约,发现在零售商独自承担努力成本的情况下仅通过双期权契约无法协调供应链。因此在双期权契约的基础上加入了努力成本共担契约,发现当期权价格满足某种线性关系以及零售商努力成本按特定比例分摊时,联合双期权契约和努力成本共担契约能顺利协调供应链。在此基础上,文章还引入了期权的市场化定价规则,研究了期权采用市场化定价规则对供应链协调产生的影响,研究表明,引入期权市场化定价规则增加了供应链协调需要满足的条件,降低了协调的可能性,且协调状态下的期权价格受到市场因素如利率、价格波动率等的影响。最后,文章给出了期权市场化定价规则下供应链协调的条件以及参数变化对协调的影响。     

Pareto-optimal contracts for a supply chain with satisficing objectives

We analyse a decentralized supply chain consisting of a supplier and a retailer, each with a satisficing objective, that is, to maximize the probability of achieving a predetermined target profit. The supply chain is examined under two types of commonly used contracts: linear tariff contracts (including wholesale price contracts as special cases) and buy-back contracts. First, we identify the Pareto-optimal contract(s) for each contractual form. In particular, it is shown that there is a unique wholesale price that is Pareto optimal for both contractual types. Second, we evaluate the performance of the Pareto-optimal contracts. In contrast to the well-known results for a supply chain with the traditional expected profit objectives, we show that wholesale price contracts can coordinate the supply chain whereas buy-back contracts cannot. This provides an additional justification for the popularity of wholesale price contracts besides their simplicities and lower administration costs.     

Coordinating a supply chain with effort and price dependent stochastic demand

This paper investigates the issue of channel coordination for a supply chain facing stochastic demand that is sensitive to both sales effort and retail price. In the standard newsvendor setting, the returns policy and the revenue sharing contract have been shown to be able to align incentives of the supply chain’s members so that the decentralized supply chain behaves as well as the integrated one. When the demand is influenced by both retail price and retailer sales effort, none of the above traditional contracts can coordinate the supply chain. To resolve this issue, we explore a variety of other contract types including joint return policy with revenue sharing contract, return policy with sales rebate and penalty (SRP) contract, and revenue sharing contract with SRP. We find that only the properly designed returns policy with SRP contract is able to achieve channel coordination and lead to a Pareto improving win–win situation for supply chain members. We then provide analytical method to determine the contract parameters and finally we use a numerical example to illustrate the findings and gain more insights.     

Sales effort free riding and coordination with price match and channel rebate

This paper studies sales effort coordination for a supply chain with one manufacturer and two retail channels, where an online retailer offers a lower price and free-rides a brick-and-mortar retailer’s sales effort. The free riding effect reduces brick-and-mortar retailer’s desired effort level, and thus hurts the manufacturer’s profit and the overall supply chain performance. To achieve sales effort coordination, we designed a contract with price match and selective compensation rebate. We also examined other contracts, including the target rebate contract and the wholesale price discount contract, both with price match. The numerical analysis shows that the selective rebate outperforms other contracts in coordinating the brick-and-mortar retailer’s sales effort and improving supply chain efficiency.     

Principal–agent problem for returns handling in a reverse supply chain with one manufacturer and two competing dealers

Focusing on the principal–agent problem in handling new-products returned by customers in a reverse supply chain with one manufacturer and two competing dealers, we investigate how a manufacturer motivates her dealers to exert their efforts to handle and sell the returned new-products using mathematical modelling. By taking into consideration the dealers’ individual rationalities, we design optimal incentive contracts under both symmetric and asymmetric information and obtain the following insights. In the symmetric information situation, dealers’ effort levels are identical to those maximising the expected overall profit of the supply chain. In the asymmetric information situation, however, the dealers’ effort levels are lower than the supply chain optimum. Further, in the case of intensifying competition between the dealers, their effort levels increase, while each dealer’ revenue share received from the manufacturer decreases and the risk, incentive and total agency costs of the entire supply chain tend to diminish. The revenue share is inversely correlated with return uncertainties. When we introduce another random environmental factor affecting returns into the incentive contract, this revenue share increases with a rise in dealers’ effort levels, while the above-mentioned costs of the entire system decline and this improves the supply chain system coordination. The incorporation of fairness into the principal–agent model promotes a further increase in the dealers’ effort levels, which is proved using the fixed-point theorem. Finally, we provide an example to demonstrate the main results.     

基于流程创新的供应链激励合同研究

针对由一个零售商两个制造商组成的竞争供应链,建立了零售商处于领导地位的Stackelberg博弈模型。分析了收益分享合同和成本分担合同下流程创新效率和竞争强度对流程创新水平和供应链成员利润的影响,并探讨了最优激励合同类型。研究发现,流程创新效率的降低会使得制造商流程创新水平和供应链成员利润降低;竞争强度的增大会使得制造商流程创新水平和供应链成员利润增加。此外,在流程创新效率较高和竞争强度较低时零售商提供收益分享合同有利,在流程创新效率较低和竞争强度较高时零售商提供成本分担合同有利。     

Consignment contracts with retail competition

Consignment contracts have been widely employed in many industries. Under such contracts, items are sold at a retailer’s but the supplier retains the full ownership of the inventory until purchased by consumers; the supplier collects payment from the retailer based on actual units sold. We investigate how competition among retailers influences the supply chain decisions and profits under different consignment arrangements, namely a consignment price contract and a consignment contract with revenue share. First, we investigate how these two consignment contracts and a price only contract compare from the perspective of each supply chain partner. We find that the retailers benefit more from a consignment price contract than from a consignment contract with revenue share or a price only contract, regardless of the level of retailer differentiation. The supplier’s most beneficial contact, however, critically depends upon the level of retailer differentiation: a consignment contract with revenue share is preferable for the supplier if retailer differentiation is strong; otherwise a consignment price contract is preferable. Second, we study how retailer differentiation affects the profits of all supply chain partners. We find that less retailer differentiation improves the supplier’s profit for both types of consignment contract. Moreover, less retailer differentiation improves profits of the retailers in a consignment price contract, but not necessarily in a consignment contract with revenue share.