色谱柱长估算问题的一题多解分析

习题教学是学生实现知识向能力转化的重要环节，一题多解有利于所学知识的融会贯通，有利于培养和强化学生的发散性思维。本文介绍了一道色谱柱长估算题的5种解题方法，讨论了常见解题错误，并由此来深化理解色谱基础理论知识。     

科学解题与培养能力

问题的提出根据近几年全国高等学校统一招生化学试卷分析和教师反映,学生的化学知识有以下缺陷： 有的学生,“双基”学得不错,但缺乏综合提高的能力; 有的学生说：“单问这个概念,还会答,一综合起来就糊涂”; 不少学生,大量地解难题,陷入“题悔”,做了一题,只会一题,过后又把它忘了; 相当普遍的学生,只死肯知识不去解题,或只死套公式、用死方法去解答简单的题; 多数学生,对实验现象模糊,叙述实验现象语无伦次,缺乏最基本的表达能力;……出现这些现象的原因很多,没有认清解题在教学中的地位,是其原因之一。     

中学化学知识“提取困难”成因及教学对策研究

化学知识"提取困难"归纳为4种表现:不能及时提取相关知识;不能独立提取相关知识;不能准确提取相关知识;不能全面提取相关知识。化学知识"提取困难"的原因有:知识内容不熟悉;知识意义不明确;知识连接不清晰;知识网络不完善;知识情境不真实;知识负迁移效应等。克服知识"提取困难"对策主要包括:优化教学方式,注重学生的知识"输出";营造真实环境,促进知识迁移;围绕核心概念,建立知识连接;理清知识关系,完善知识网络;精心设计问题,加强自我监控;辨清新旧联系,克服定式干扰等。     

有机框图题的解法

有机框图题是历年高考的热点题型,具有试题情景新、知识覆盖广、设问角度活等特点。它既可全面考查学生的有机基础知识,还可综合考查学生运用知识分析问题解决问题的能力。要想回答好这类题,学生必须具备扎实的有机化学知识,同时还要有敏捷地接受、分析和评价信息的能力;以及将已有知识与题中信息灵活地结合起来的能力。如何才能快速准确的突破此类题型。     

无机化合物性质实验的考查题

在我系七七级无机化学实验的期终考查中,我们设计过这样的选作题：给一包或几包未知物质的样品,让学生用样品做几个指定的实验,并要求根据实验现象,运用所学的知识来判断样品是什么物质。结果学生很感兴趣,在七九级的实验期终考查中,学生反映也很好。这类实验题能让学生通过鲜明生动的实验现象,运用课堂上所学的知识来解决实际问题。     

焦虑对高中生化学问题解决的影响研究

通过问卷调查、口语报告和访谈等手段,探查了焦虑对高中生化学问题解决的影响。结果表明：焦虑程度过高会使问题解决者在问题表征阶段提取题给信息不全面,难以辨别干扰信息;在选择策略阶段不能灵活敏捷地提取已有知识进行类比、迁移,进而不能选择恰当的解题策略;在执行策略和评价解答阶段,过多担心结果的正确性会导致低效地进行评价监控。     

1987年全国高二学生化学竞赛题和参考答案

1987年11月,在全国范围内举行了一次高二学生化学竞赛。本刊特公布这份赛题,一是作为历史资料;二是为引起各界的注视和研讨,推动化学竞赛的发展。据有关人士说：这种全国高二学生化学竞赛,今后要年年搞,一年一度;赛题的知识水平,就其基本内容,不超过高二化学的大纲和进度;但赛题要求参赛音有较高的智力水平。简言之,竞赛是智力的竞赛,不是知识的竞赛。或者说,竞赛对参赛者的知识要求是一般的,普遍可及的,而对参赛者的智力要求是特殊的,但也不是高不可攀的。诚然,不能说下面公布的这份赛题已充分体现了上面的命题原则,但它是努力地去体现这一原则的。以第11题为例。解此题所需的化学知识并不超过中学化学的教学水平：①浓硫酸有吸水性;②浓盐酸有挥发性;③若将浓盐酸滴入浓硫酸,必将出现两个相反的热效应：一方面,浓硫酸与水反应将放热;另一方面,氯化氢挥发将吸热,这跟将纯水滴入浓硫酸的热效应将有差别;④此题所列的其他试剂无一可发生学生已学过的氧化还原反应并放出某种气体;⑤所谓“纯净的”气体自然包含着连水蒸气也不应作为杂质;⑥氯化氢极易溶于水,为制得纯 HCl 气体绝不应用水溶液去洗涤它;……如果说,这些知识超出了学生的认识范围,绝不是各个知识点本身而是它们的综合。而综合知识,从本质上讲,是智力,不是知识本身。尽管该题的干燥氯化氢气体的制法本身正是实验室少量 HCl 气体制法的常规方法,但中学化学,甚至大学化学里都未提及,这或许是教材有些问题,但似乎也不必要求凡是有用的教材里都必须讲到。出题者或许正是考虑到应当取大家不熟悉的命题来作为赛题对所有参赛者才是公平合理的。参赛者及其指导者们不应当去补知识,若是以这种想法来准备竞赛,恐怕是补不完的。重要的是将已学的知识、概念、原理综合起来,运用于新的未知的场合,以得出正确的结论。     

无机化学中的一题多解

无机化学计算中采取一题多解可开拓学生的思维,加深对化学基本原理的理解和掌握,有利于巩固和提高所学知识,并加以灵活运用,做到触类旁通。文章以无机化学教学中化学平衡、电极电势2类问题的计算给予说明。     

基于项目式学习的高三化学实验和工艺流程专题复习*——以“海带中碘的提取”为例

以“海带中碘的提取”为例,提供文献让学生课前阅读,完成“海带中碘的提取”流程设计,并进行成果交流。在此基础上,进行方案实施,并进行总结评价。研究结果认为,将知识与实践结合,能够激发学生探究热情;将自主文献研究、方案设计、实验验证结合,可以培养学生的科学探究和创新能力;应该注重教-学-评一致性;需要进一步提高教师的实验实际操作能力和知识引导能力。     

国际化学竞赛中双原子体系问题的化简思想

在近几年的国际化学竞赛中,出现了涉及量子化学基础的赛题,特别是双原子体系这样比较容易被中学生理解的知识点颇受青睐.由于完整地学习双原子体系需要高等数学和大学物理的知识作支撑;那么,如何简明地向高中生讲解相关知识,传授有关赛题的解题方法,便成了值得关注的问题.通过1道IChO预备题和1道IChO原题的剖析,给出了化简分析双原子体系的思路,并指出物理意义上的类比迁移是使高中生理解复杂知识的一种有效途径.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.