氧原子在具有Pt皮肤的Pt3Ni(111)表面的吸附和扩散

用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了氧原子在具有Pt皮肤的Pt3Ni(111)[记为Pt-skin-Pt3Ni(111)]表面的吸附和扩散特性. 重点研究了氧原子在Pt-skin-Pt3Ni(111)表面的扩散问题, 这对理解Pt-skin-Pt3Ni(111)催化剂的高催化活性有重要意义. 结果表明: 氧原子容易吸附在fcc位; 催化剂Pt3Ni中的Ni原子对催化剂的电子结构有很大影响, 从而改变了其对氧原子的吸附. 用推拉弹性带(NEB)方法搜索氧原子的扩散势垒, 并解释了Pt-skin-Pt3Ni(111)催化剂的高催化活性.     

碱性介质中CO对甲醇在PtAu(111)和Pt(111)表面氧化生成甲酸的影响的第一性原理研究

采用密度泛函理论计算研究了碱性介质中甲醇在清洁的PtAu(111)和Pt(111)表面、及有CO存在的PtAu(111)和Pt(111)表面的氧化。计算结果表明,在碱性介质中,预吸附的CO促进了甲醇在PtAu(111)和Pt(111)表面氧化的每一步反应,这与其在Au(111)表面的作用相似。究其原因,是由于CO的吸附增强了OH的稳定性和碱性,从而增强了OH夺取氢原子的能力。     

CO在Pt(111)和Pt-M(111)(M=Ni,Mg)表面吸附的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论与周期性平板模型相结合的方法,对CO在Pt(111)表面top,fcc,hcp和bridge 4个吸附位和Pt-M(111)(M=Ni,Mg)表面h-top,M-top,Pt(M)Pt-bridge,Pt(M)M-bridge,Pt(Pt)M-bridge,M(Pt)M-bridge,Pt1M2-hcp...     

氢原子在Pt及Pt系双金属催化表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(dFT)考察了Pt(100)、(110)、(111)三种表面氢原子的吸附行为, 计算了覆盖度为0.25 ML时氢原子在Pt 三种表面和M-Pt(111)双金属(M=Al, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd)上的最稳定吸附位、表面能以及吸附前后金属表面原子层间弛豫情况. 分析了氢原子在不同双金属表面吸附前后的局域态密度变化以及双金属表面d 带中心偏离费米能级的程度并与氢吸附能进行了关联. 计算结果表明, 在Pt(100), Pt(110)和Pt(111)表面, 氢原子的稳定吸附位分别为桥位、短桥位和fcc 穴位. 三种表面中以Pt(111)的表面能最低, 结构最稳定. 氢原子在不同M-Pt(111)双金属表面上的最稳定吸附位均为fcc 穴位, 其中在Ni-Pt 双金属表面的吸附能最低, Co-Pt 次之. 表明氢原子在Ni-Pt 和Co-Pt 双金属表面的吸附最稳定. 通过对氢原子在M-Pt(111)双金属表面吸附前后的局域态密度变化的分析, 验证了氢原子吸附能计算结果的准确性. 掺杂金属Ni、Co、Fe 的3d-Pt(111)双金属表面在吸附氢原子后发生弛豫, 第一层和第二层金属原子均不同程度地向外膨胀. 此外, 3d金属的掺入使得其对应的M-Pt(111)双金属表面d带中心与Pt 相比更靠近费米能级, 吸附氢原子能力增强, 表明3d-Pt系双金属表面有可能比Pt具有更好的脱氢活性.     

甲醇氧化羰基化反应中CO和CH3O在CuCl（111）表面上吸附作用的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论方法,采用广义梯度近似方法结合周期平板模型,对甲醇氧化羰基化反应中CuCl(111)表面上CO和CH3O的吸附、共吸附及CH3OCO的吸附进行了系统研究,探讨了CO和CH3O反应生成CH3OCO以及CH3OCO和CH3O反应生成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的动力学特性.计算结果表明,在CuCl(111)表面的共吸附体系中,CO和CH3O之间的相互作用力比自由态的CO和CH3O之间的作用力大;CO和CH3O反应生成CH3OCO为整个甲醇氧化羰基化反应的速控步骤,活化能为113.19 kJ/mol,计算结果与实验结果一致.     

甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极上的氧还原

利用单晶旋转圆盘电极技术（Hanging Meniscus Rotating Disk Electrode,　HMRD）在硫酸和高氯酸溶液中分别研究了甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面氧分子的电催化还原反应. 实验发现：在硫酸溶液中,经甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面的氧还原活性明显提高,其中氧还原的半波电位与Pt(111)电极的相比正移约0.1 V,而在高氯酸溶液中,甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极的活性几乎没有发生变化. 该实验结果表明：甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极一方面抑制了SO₄^2-在电极表面的吸附,另一方面又能在电极表面提供相邻的空位供氧分子吸附. 通过与文献中报道的CN^-修饰的Pt(111)电极上的氧还原结果的对比,可以推测甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面氧还原活性提高是由于甘氨酸在Pt(111)表面可能先被氧化成CN^-后吸附在电极表面,进而促进了氧分子的电催化还原反应.     

CO和H在Pt/WC(0001)表面的吸附

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和周期平板模型,研究两种WC(0001)表面的几何结构和表面能,并对Pt原子单层(PtML)在两种WC(0001)表面的高对称性吸附位上的吸附能和分离功进行计算.结果发现,终止于W原子的WC(0001)为最稳定的WC(0001)表面,Pt原子单层以hcp位的方式吸附于W终止的WC(0001)表面是PtML/WC(0001)体系最稳定的几何构型.在此基础上研究了CO分子和H原子分别在PtML/WC(0001)表面和具有相似表面结构的Pt(111)表面的吸附行为.在0.25 ML(monolayer)低覆盖度下,与在Pt(111)表面相比,在PtML/WC(0001)表面上的Pt—C间距明显拉长和CO分子吸附能减少,说明PtML/WC(0001)表面抗CO中毒能力比Pt(111)表面高;态密度分析进一步解释了CO分子与不同表面Pt原子的成键机理.在同一覆盖度下,H原子在PtML/WC(0001)表面的最大吸附能等于甚至略高于在Pt(111)表面的,表明Pt/WC对氢气氧化反应具有良好的催化活性,是一种很有前途的质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)阳极催化剂.     

CeO_2/Pt(111)反向催化剂结构和活性的密度泛函理论研究（英文）

铈基材料因其独特的Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)转化性质而广泛运用于非均相催化反应中.尽管在实验和理论上对纯净二氧化铈表面的物理和/或化学性质进行了深入研究,但是与二氧化铈有关的界面结构和反应性能引起了人们的极大兴趣.其中,已有报道表明,氧化铈/金属反向催化剂相较于氧化铈、金属或者金属/氧化铈负载材料能明显提高CO催化氧化和水汽转化等反应活性.然而多数前期研究并没有从理论上给出合理解释,同时也并未说明反向催化剂中氧化铈结构(层数)和性质的关系.可以预见,因受到金属基板的影响,二氧化铈表面的物化性质,如氧空位形成能、电子分布、催化活性等必然会发生变化.本文通过库伦作用校正的密度泛函理论(DFT+U)计算,系统地研究了不同厚度的Ce O_2/Pt(111)反向催化剂几何结构和电子性质,催化CO氧化的性能.本文首先在Pt(111)载体上明确了单层Ce O_2(111)的最佳结构,然后研究随着二氧化铈厚度增加,各复合结构界面热力学稳定性、几何结构和电荷性质的变化.计算结果表明:首先,单层Ce O_2/Pt(111)比双层和三层Ce O_2/Pt(111)复合结构在界面处表现出更强的相互作用,并且其强度与界面结合结构密切相关,如界面O–Pt键的数量及其长度等;其次,氧化铈板层和Pt基板之间的接触会显著影响界面处一个氧化铈层和两个金属层内的电子分布,使氧化铈外暴露表面的氧空位形成能降低～0.3 e V,而界面氧空位形成能则显著降低1.3?1.8 e V,并且当表面上沉积≥2个氧化铈层时,氧化铈/铂复合材料的物理性能会趋向收敛;最后,通过计算单层Ce O_2/Pt(111),单层Ce O_2和模拟体相结构的三层Ce O_2(111)表面上的CO氧化过程,结果表明三者均遵循Mvk机理,并且关键步骤OC…O_s偶联的反应能垒分别是0.45,0.33和0.61 e V,表明三者的活性趋势为ML Ce O_2ML Ce O_2/Pt(111)TL Ce O_2(111).综合考虑到单层Ce O_2/Pt(111)界面处适度的二氧化铈-铂相互作用,一方面可以极大提高复合材料热力学稳定性,另一方面还成功保留了单层二氧化铈的优异催化活性,因此单层Ce O_2/Pt(111)复合材料从理论上认为是一种优异的CO氧化催化剂.     

Pt纳米晶上CO电吸附及电氧化的表面增强红外吸收光谱研究

为理解Pt 纳米晶(NCs)表面上吸附与反应的结构效应, 本文利用电化学衰减全反射-表面增强红外吸收光谱(ATR-SEIRAS)初步研究了{100}优先取向的Pt 纳米晶表面CO电吸附和电氧化. 合成并清洗过的Pt 纳米晶在硫酸溶液中的循环伏安图出现了四对氧化还原峰, 其中位于0.26和0.36 V的峰分别对应于短程有序和长程有序Pt{100}上的氢吸脱附. 利用Bi、Ge 不可逆吸附法估算出Pt{100}和Pt{111}纳米晶筹分别占34% 和17%. 在原位红外光谱研究中, 首次分辨出线性吸附的CO (CO_L)物种在Pt 纳米晶的三个基础小晶面上的振动谱峰. 动电位光谱分析结果表明Pt{110}上吸附的CO_L优先电氧化, 其次{111}上的CO_L发生氧化, 而Pt{100}上CO_L氧化过电位最高.     

CO在CeO2(111)表面的吸附与氧化

采用密度泛函理论计算了CO在CeO2(111)表面的吸附与氧化反应行为. 结果表明, O2在洁净的CeO2(111)表面为弱物理吸附, 而在氧空位表面是强化学吸附, 且O2分子活化程度较大, O—O键长为0.143 nm. CO在CeO2(111)表面吸附行为的研究表明, CO在洁净表面及氧空位表面上为物理吸附, 吸附能均小于0.42 eV; 当表面氧空位吸附O2后, CO可吸附生成二齿碳酸盐中间体或直接生成CO2, 与原位红外光谱结果相一致. 表面碳酸盐物种脱附生成CO2的能垒仅为0.28 eV. 计算结果表明, 当CeO2表面存在氧空位时, Hubbard参数U对CO吸附能有一定的影响. CeO2载体在氧化反应中可能的催化作用为, 在氧气氛下, CeO2表面氧空位吸附O2分子, 形成活性氧物种, 参与CO催化氧化反应.     

The adsorption and co-adsorption of oxygen and carbon monoxide on Pt3Ni(111): a vibrational study

High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy has been used to investigate the adsorption and co-adsorption of oxygen and CO on the Pt(3)Ni(111) surface. For the sake of comparison, similar measurements have also been performed on the Pt(111) surface. We find that CO adsorbs at the same manner on both surfaces. By contrast, significant differences between the two surfaces exist concerning the adsorption of O and the co-adsorption of O with CO.     

Modulating the reactivity of Ni-containing Pt(111)-skin catalysts by density functional theory calculations

We present here a first principles density functional theory investigation of the reactivity of Pt(111)-skin catalysts, which are varied from surface alloys with Ni to bulk PtxNi 1-x (x=0.25,0.50,0.75) alloys. Molecule (CO, O, and H) adsorption and oxidation of CO+O and H+O reactions were studied and analyzed in detail. Independent of the adsorbates, the interaction between adsorbates and substrates becomes weakened with increase in Ni, due to the downshift of d-band center of surface Pt atoms. Moreover, activation barriers of CO and H oxidation toward atomic oxygen gradually decrease. In term of CO preferential oxidation (PROX) in excess of hydrogen, it turns out that the overall reactivity and selectivity rely on the optimum of various elementary steps involved such as competitive molecular (dissociative) adsorption and oxidation reaction. The present calculations show that Pt3Ni(111) with Pt overlayer is an optimum catalyst for CO PROX in excess of hydrogen.     

Pt（111）表面上一氧化碳的吸附与氧化反应

Ｐｔ（１１１）表面上一氧化碳的吸附与氧化反应１）刘金尧（清华大学一碳化工国家重点实验室北京１０００８４）ＸｕＭＺａｅｒａＦ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＣａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉａＲｉｖｅｒｓｉｄｅＣＡ９２５２１）关键词...     

镍和铂单晶(111)面上氢解离的比较研究

镍和铂单晶（１１１）面上氢解离的比较研究周鲁，孙本繁，吕日昌，唐向阳，滕礼坚（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所分子反应动力学国家重点实验室，大连１１６０２３）关键词镍晶面，铂晶面，氢解离吸附，位能面，分子催化过渡金属镍和铂是催化加氢、脱氢以及临氢重整的重...     

Adsorption of formaldehyde on Pt(111) and Pt(100) electrodes: cyclic voltammetry and scanning tunneling microscopy

The adsorption of formaldehyde (HCHO) on Pt(111) and Pt(100) electrodes was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in 0.1 M HClO(4). The extent of HCHO adsorption at both Pt electrodes was evaluated by comparing the CVs, particularly for the hydrogen adsorption and desorption between 0.05 and 0.4 V, obtained in 0.1 M HClO(4) with and without HCHO. The adsorption of HCHO on these Pt electrodes was significant only when [HCHO] >/= 10 mM. Adsorbed organic intermediate species acted as poisons, blocking Pt surfaces and causing delays in the oxidation of HCHO. Compared to Pt(111), Pt(100) was more prone to poisoning, as indicated by a 200 mV positive shift of the onset of HCHO oxidation. However, Pt(100) exhibited an activity 3 times higher than that of Pt(111), as indicated by the difference in peak current density of HCHO oxidation. Molecular resolution STM revealed highly ordered structures of Pt(111)-( radical7 x radical7)R19.1 degrees and Pt(100)-( radical2 x radical2) in the potential region between 0.1 and 0.3 V. Voltammetric measurements further showed that the organic poisons produced by HCHO adsorption behaved differently from the intentionally dosed CO admolecules, which supports the assumption for the formation of HCO or COH adspecies, rather than CO, as the poison. On both Pt electrodes, HCHO oxidation commenced preferentially at step sites at the onset potential of this reaction, but it occurred uniformly at the peak potentials.     

CO adsorption on a Pt(111) surface partially covered with FeO_x nanostructures

The adsorption of CO on Pt group metals, as a most fundamental elementary reaction step, has been widely studied in catalysis and electrocatalysis. Particularly, the structures of CO on Pt(111) have been extensively investigated, owing to its importance to both fundamental and applied catalysis. Yet, much less is known regarding CO adsorption on a Pt(111) surface modulated by supported oxide nanostructures,which is of more relevance to technical catalysis. We thus investigated the coverage-dependent adsorption of CO on a Pt(111) surface partially covered by Fe Oxnanostructures, which has been demonstrated as a remarkable catalyst for low-temperature CO oxidation. We found that, due to its strong chemisorption, the coverage-dependent structure of CO on bare Pt is not influenced by the presence of Fe Ox. But,oxygen-terminated Fe Oxnanostructures could modulate the diffusivity of CO at their vicinity, and thus affect the formation of ordered CO superstructures at low temperatures. Using scanning tunneling microscopy(STM), we inspected the diffusivity of CO, followed the phase transitions of CO domains, and resolved the molecular details of the coverage-dependent CO structures. Our results provide a full picture for CO adsorption on a Pt(111) surface modulated by oxide nanostructures and shed lights on the inter-adsorbate interaction on metal surfaces.     

Reforming of oxygenates for H2 production: correlating reactivity of ethylene glycol and ethanol on Pt(111) and Ni/Pt(111) with surface d-band center

The dehydrogenation and decarbonylation of ethylene glycol and ethanol were studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) on Pt(111) and Ni/Pt(111) bimetallic surfaces, as probe reactions for the reforming of oxygenates for the production of H2 for fuel cells. Ethylene glycol reacted via dehydrogenation to form CO and H2, corresponding to the desired reforming reaction, and via total decomposition to produce C(ad), O(ad), and H2. Ethanol reacted by three reaction pathways, dehydrogenation, decarbonylation, and total decomposition, producing CO, H2, CH4, C(ad), and O(ad). Surfaces prepared by deposition of a monolayer of Ni on Pt(111) at 300 K, designated Ni-Pt-Pt(111), displayed increased reforming activity compared to Pt(111), subsurface monolayer Pt-Ni-Pt(111), and thick Ni/Pt(111). Reforming activity was correlated with the d-band center of the surfaces and displayed a linear trend for both ethylene glycol and ethanol, with activity increasing as the surface d-band center moved closer to the Fermi level. This trend was opposite to that previously observed for hydrogenation reactions, where increased activity occurred on subsurface monolayers as the d-band center shifted away from the Fermi level. Extrapolation of the correlation between activity and the surface d-band center of bimetallic systems may provide useful predictions for the selection and rational design of bimetallic catalysts for the reforming of oxygenates.     

Mechanism of CO oxidation on Pt(111) in alkaline media

Electrochemical techniques, coupled with in situ scanning tunneling microscopy, have been used to examine the mechanism of CO oxidation and the role of surface structure in promoting CO oxidation on well-ordered and disordered Pt(111) in aqueous NaOH solutions. Oxidation of CO occurs in two distinct potential regions: the prepeak (0.25-0.70 V) and the main peak (0.70 V and higher). The mechanism of reaction is Langmuir-Hinshelwood in both regions, but the OH adsorption site is different. In the prepeak, CO oxidation occurs through reaction with OH that is strongly adsorbed at defect sites. Adsorption of OH on defects at low potentials has been verified using charge displacement measurements. Not all CO can be oxidized in the prepeak, since the Pt-CO bond strength increases as the CO coverage decreases. Below theta(CO) = 0.2 monolayer, CO is too strongly bound to react with defect-bound OH. Oxidation of CO at low coverage occurs in the main peak through reaction with OH adsorbed on (111) terraces, where the Pt-OH bond is weaker than on defects. The enhanced oxidation of CO in alkaline media is attributed to the higher affinity of the Pt(111) surface for adsorption of OH at low potentials in alkaline media as compared with acidic media.