PS溶液渗透对非饱和土的增强效应研究

特定模数硅酸钾溶液(PS)已广泛的用于我国西北干旱地区土遗址加固保护工程中,并且取得了显著的效果。但是PS对潮湿地区遗址土加固效果,目前尚缺乏成熟的理论和实验验证。本文从室内试验的资料出发,研究PS对潮湿地区土遗址非饱和土的增强效应。本次研究土样取自位于潮湿环境中的浙江杭州良渚土遗址(3000 B C.),在实验室内对高含水量(13％ ~25％)的重塑土样进行了PS渗透加固。通过研究对比加固前后重塑土样的固结特性和抗剪强度,发现 PS对潮湿地区遗址土也有一定的加固效果。加固效果随初始饱和度的不同而不同,但初始含水量达25%的土在PS作用下仍可能得到增强。经PS渗透的土样不仅提高了初始固结性能和抗剪强度,而且加固土样而且呈现出一定的弹脆性特征,呈现出塑脆性转化,表明PS渗透可能产生对土初始结构的稳固作用。这一探索研究将为扩大PS在土遗址加固保护工程的应用提供一定的理论支持。     

Phase and antiphase synchronization of two identical hyperchaotic complex nonlinear systems

A scheme is designed to achieve phase synchronization (PS) and antiphase synchronization (APS) for an n-dimensional hyperchaotic complex nonlinear system. For this scheme, we have used the idea of an active control technique based on Lyapunov stability analysis to determine analytically the complex control functions which are needed to achieve PS and APS. We applied this scheme, as an example, to study PS and APS of hyperchaotic attractors of two identical hyperchaotic complex Lorenz systems. These complex systems appear in many important fields of physics and engineering. Our scheme can also be applied to two different hyperchaotic complex systems, for which PS and APS have not been investigated, as far as we know, in the literature. Numerical results are plotted to show phases and amplitudes of these hyperchaotic attractors, thus demonstrating that PS and APS are achieved. The bifurcation diagrams are computed for a wide range of parameters of the system parameters and are found to be symmetrical about the horizontal axis for APS, while they lack any symmetry for PS.     

环境因素对PS加固土遗址效果的影响

通过PS加固的高昌故城遗址土样崩解试验,耐风蚀的风洞模拟试验,冻融破坏,温差破坏,干湿破坏对力学强度影响等试验,模拟古丝绸之路特殊的自然环境对土遗址的影响,研究PS保护加固土遗址的效果。结果表明,经PS加固以后,样品的初始崩解时间延长,崩解速度大幅降低,抗风蚀能力提高10倍,抗冻融能力也有所增强。在高温养护下力学得到强度提高,干湿循环降低了样品的强度,但表现出良好的加固效果。试验证明PS可以有效地降低环境因素对干旱区土遗址的破坏,起到明显的加固保护效果。     

Synthesis of PS/Ag asymmetric hybrid particles via phase separation and self-assembly

This article presents a facile approach to preparation of polystyrene/silver （PS/Ag） asymmetric hybrid par- ticles. In this method, polystyrene/polyglycidyl methacrylate （PS/PGMA） Janus particles were synthesized via internal phase separation triggered by evaporation of dichloromethane （DCM） from PS/PGMA/DCM- in water emulsion droplets. Then, the Janus particles were aminated and sequentially carboxylated to obtain PS/PGMA-NH2 and PS/PGMA-COOH particles. Ag＋ self-assembled on the surface of PGMA hemi- sphere of the functionalized PS/PGMA particles by coordinating with amine/carboxyl. PS/Ag asymmetric hybrid particles with 7.29 wt% of Ag were obtained by reduction of Ag＋, Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy results confirmed that Ag was asymmetrically distributed on the surface of polymer particles.     

Temperature dependence of the interfacial tension of PS/PMMA, PS/PE, and PMMA/PE blends

The effect of temperature on the interfacial tension for PS/PMMA, PS/PE, and PMMA/PE was measured using the imbedded fiber retraction method. Interfacial tensions for PS/PMMA, PS/PE, and PMMA/PE were measured over temperature ranges of 160–250 °C, 140–220 °C, and 140–220 °C, respectively. The interfacial tension was found to follow a dependence of 3.6–0.013 T dyn/cm, 7.6–0.051 T dyn/cm and 11.8–0.017 T dyn/cm for PS/PMMA, PS/PE, and PMMA/PE, respectively. Comparison of the data with the mean field theory of Helfand and Sapse were made; however, a simple linear fit to the data described the temperature dependence in the experimental window as well as the predictions of the mean field theory. Received: 6 July 1999 Accepted: 23 March 2000     

层状压电半导体板的稳态弯曲振动分析

本文针对具有极化-变形-载流子耦合的层状压电半导体复合悬臂结构，理论研究了自由端在周期荷载作业下的稳态响应问题，导出了板中位移场、电场、载流子等物理量的解析表达式，并数值分析了周期荷载的幅值、激励频率和初始载流子浓度对结构宏观力学响应的影响。数值结果表明：在一阶固有频率下，结构内部各物理量响应幅值较大；在高阶固有频率下，各物理量响应出现多个局部峰值区域，其幅值相对减小，载流子会朝局部极值区域“聚集”或“离开”局部极值区域。初始载流子浓度在一定范围内对结构的固有频率以及各物理量的稳态响应有显著的调控作用。     

Effects of an attached functionally graded layer on the electromechanical behaviors of piezoelectric semiconductor fibers

In this paper, we propose a specific two-layer model consisting of a functionally graded (FG) layer and a piezoelectric semiconductor (PS) layer. Based on the macroscopic theory of PS materials, the effects brought about by the attached FG layer on the piezotronic behaviors of homogeneous n-type PS fibers and PN junctions are investigated. The semi-analytical solutions of the electromechanical fields are obtained by expanding the displacement and carrier concentration variation into power series. Results show that the antisymmetry of the potential and electron concentration distributions in homogeneous n-type PS fibers is destroyed due to the material inhomogeneity of the attached FG layer. In addition, by creating jump discontinuities in the material properties of the FG layer, potential barriers/wells can be produced in the middle of the fiber. Similarly, the potential barrier configuration near the interface of a homogeneous PS PN junction can also be manipulated in this way, which offers a new choice for the design of PN junction based devices.

     

Rheological properties of polymer blends with sphere-in-sphere morphology

The linear viscoelastic behavior of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) blends with PS as the matrix and amounts of PMMA in the range 10–30 wt% was investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a complex morphology which was characterized by the existence of composite particles; the PMMA particles which are enclosed in the PS matrix themselves carry PS inclusions. In order to explain the G* data of these blends a model is presented which consists of a Palierne model for the composite particles and a Palierne model for the whole blend, taking into account composite and neat particles. Simulations show the principal relevance of the assumptions made. Moreover, it is shown that the measurements agree well with the model for the whole measured frequency region and that the fit parameters, the size of the composite particles and the concentration and size of interior particles are in reasonable agreement with data available from TEM. Received: 1 November 1998 Accepted: 5 April 1999     

Interparticle interaction and gel characterization of PE microgels using small- and large-strain viscoelastic response

PE microgels were prepared from mechanical fragmentation and from immiscible blends of PS and PE. The surface topology of microgels obtained from mechanical fragmentation was hypothesized to consist of long linear PE chains that are capable of interparticle co-crystallization as suggested by low-strain oscillatory shear experiment results. To investigate this hypothesis, PE microgels with a smooth surface and a PS corona were prepared using immiscible blends of PE and PS, followed by removal of the PS matrix. The rheological response of suspensions of PE microgels with a PS corona in squalane was similar to suspensions of PE microgels with crystallizable surface chains whereby the system would gel and exhibit hysteresis upon a cooling and heating cycle. Suspensions of PE microgels without any surface chains, however, were reversible over multiple cooling and heating cycles. It was determined that the PS corona and the cross-link density of the microgels had an effect (p < 0.01) on the reversibility whereas the microgel concentration in the suspension did not (p = 0.82).     

恒磁场作用下压磁/压电半导体复合圆柱壳的耦合响应分析

本文针对由压磁材料和压电半导体材料组成的无限长复合圆柱壳结构，理论研究了其在径向恒磁场作用下结构内的多场耦合力学响应问题。为解析求解方便，文中分别采用单向耦合法和线性全耦合法，导出复合圆柱壳内位移场、电场、载流子等物理量的解析表达式。利用导出的解析表达式，数值分析了磁场大小和半导体层厚度比对结构内电势、电场和载流子的影响。计算结果表明：磁场和厚度比均可用来有效调控半导体层内的电学量，复合圆柱壳结构的厚度比有一个最优区间。     

恒磁场作用下压磁/压电半导体复合圆柱壳的耦合响应分析

本文针对由压磁材料和压电半导体材料组成的无限长复合圆柱壳结构,理论研究了其在径向恒磁场作用下结构内的多场耦合力学响应问题。为解析求解方便,文中分别采用单向耦合法和线性全耦合法,导出复合圆柱壳内位移场、电场、载流子等物理量的解析表达式。利用导出的解析表达式,数值分析了磁场大小和半导体层厚度比对结构内电势、电场和载流子的影响。计算结果表明：磁场和厚度比均可用来有效调控半导体层内的电学量,复合圆柱壳结构的厚度比有一个最优区间。     

Extensional and shear rheometry of oriented triblock copolymers

 The effects of extensional flow orientation on the rheological properties of two poly(styrene)-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-poly (styrene) (PS-PEB-PS) triblock copolymers containing either spherical or cylindrical PS microdomains were studied by oscillatory shear and oscillatory extensional experiments. Extensional measurements revealed that below the PS block glass transition temperature pre-oriented triblocks display highly anisotropic mechanical properties. For both polymers, the storage modulus E ′ is higher along the flow direction. Above the PS glass transition temperature the materials are no longer anisotropic and the same storage moduli are obtained along the flow direction and perpendicular to it. Above the PS glass transition temperature the rheological behaviour parallel and perpendicular to the flow direction was also probed in pre-oriented and non-oriented samples by oscillatory shear rheometry. At high frequencies, the mechanical response of the triblocks was found to be independent of the orientation for both copolymers while at low frequencies a strong effect of the flow orientation could be observed. For both polymers the value of the storage modulus was found to be lower along the flow direction that perpendicular to it. This was explained by the ability of PS blocks to relax more easily along the flow direction. Received: 10 September 1999/Accepted: 1 October 1999     

壳层形态对核/壳结构PS/SiO_2复合磨料抛光性能的影响

以聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为内核,通过控制正硅酸乙酯的水解过程制备具有不同壳层形态的核/壳结构PS/SiO2复合磨料,应用于二氧化硅介质层的化学机械抛光,借助AFM测量抛光表面的形貌、轮廓曲线及粗糙度.SEM和TEM结果显示:碱性水解条件下,复合磨料的壳层由SiO2纳米颗粒组成(非连续壳层);酸性条件下,复合磨料的壳层则呈无定型网状(连续壳层).抛光对比试验结果表明:复合磨料的PS弹性内核有利于降低表面粗糙度并减少机械损伤,SiO2壳层则有利于提高材料去除率,复合磨料的核/壳协同效应对于提高抛光质量具有主要影响.相对于非连续壳层复合磨料,具有连续壳层的PS/SiO2复合磨料能够得到更低的抛光表面粗糙度值(RMS=0.136 nm),且在抛光过程中表现出了更好的结构稳定性.然而,PS/SiO2复合磨料的壳层形态对抛光速率的影响则不明显.     

Electrical conductivity, phase behavior, and rheology of polypropylene/polystyrene blends with multi-walled carbon nanotube

The electrical, rheological properties and phase change behavior of polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends filled with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) were investigated. Two kinds of masterbatch were used to prepare ternary blends of PP, PS, and MWNT, and the effects of the kinds of masterbatch were confirmed by phase morphology of ternary blends and the distribution of MWNT. From thermodynamic analysis, MWNT is expected to locate in PS phase and it shows a good agreement with the TEM observations. The ternary composites show the lowest conductive percolation threshold and fine morphologies when most MWNT particles are located at the interface. Time sweep test were carried out to monitor the phase coalescence of the ternary blends and MWNT migration and agglomeration in the PS phase during annealing. The enhancement of thermal properties of MWNT-filled blends was also investigated by DSC and TGA.     

A comparative study of the thermotropic mesomorphic tendencies and rheological characteristics of three cellulose derivates: Ethylene and propylene oxide ethers and an acetate butyrate ester

Samples of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) are contrasted with commercial (atactic) polystyrene (PS) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) in studies of (i) differential scanning calorimetry, (ii) quiescent polarized light microscopy (iii) optical retardation variation following an imposed stress field. It is concluced that HPC and EC are thermotropic liquid crystals, while CAB behaves in a manner similar to a vitrifying isotropic melt such as PS. Studies of the shear viscosity and dynamic viscosity indicate HPC and EC exhibit yield values while CAB shows a zero shear viscosity and Vinogradov-Malkin reduced viscosity curve identical to PS. The normal stress and extrudate swell behavior of CAB are also similar to PS. The HPC and EC exhibit substantially reduced extrudate swell. Measurement of the principal normal stress difference behavior of the HPC melt is troubled by the existence of yield values.     

Polymer nanoparticles with dendrimer-Ag shell and its application in catalysis

Polymer nanoparticles with dendrimer-Ag shell were prepared and their application in catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was investigated. Cross-linked polystyrene (PS) microspheres were prepared through dispersion copolymerization of styrene, acrylic acid and crosslinking monomer 1, 2-divinylbenzene. PS microspheres with average size of 450 nm and narrow size distribution were used as support for the immobilization of dendrimer-Ag shell. The polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer shell was successively grafted onto the surface of PS microspheres through repetitive Michael addition reaction of methyl acrylate (MA) and amidation of the obtained esters with large excess of ethylenediamine (EDA). Silver nanoparticles were formed directly inside the PAMAM shell through reduction with NaBH₄. The resulting PS@PAMAM-Ag nanoparticles were packed in a stainless steel column and used successfully for catalytic reduction of 4-NP. This technique for packing catalytic polymer particles in a column could improve the efficiency of using the metal catalyst and the tedious separation in catalytic reaction.     

油酸/PS/TiO_2复合纳米微球对液体石蜡抗磨性能的影响研究

采用种子乳液聚合法制备了油酸 / PS/ Ti O2 复合纳米微球 ,在四球摩擦磨损试验机上考察了油酸 / PS/ Ti O2 复合纳米微球添加剂对液体石蜡抗磨性能的影响 ,采用 X射线光电子能谱分析了钢球磨斑表面边界膜元素的组成及化学状态 .结果表明 ,油酸 / PS/ Ti O2 复合微球作为润滑油添加剂具有良好的抗磨性能 ,能显著提高基础油的失效载荷 .表面分析结果表明 ,复合纳米微球的抗磨作用取决于其摩擦化学反应所生成的含有 Ti O2 及部分添加剂分解产物的复合膜 .     

基于PS12台阵的微弱爆炸信号识别技术

对GSN台网的HIA地震台站与CTBTO/IMS的PS12地震台阵记录的2007年12月11日河北怀来“明灯1号”爆炸及2006年10月9日朝鲜爆炸事件进行对比分析。结果显示:PS12台阵子台监测的P波信噪比提高至普通台站监测的P波信噪比的4.6倍;利用聚束技术进一步压低噪声后,PS12台阵聚束信号的信噪比提高至单个钻井台站的3倍,比普通HIA台站记录的地震信号信噪比高10多倍。研究结果表明,钻井小孔径台阵可高效提高微弱信号的检测能力。     

核壳结构PS/CeO2复合微球弹性模量的AFM测定

利用原子力显微镜测定了聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene, PS)微球和核壳结构PS/CeO₂复合微球的力-位移曲线,并根据Hertz接触理论计算了微球样品的弹性模量.结果表明:粒径在120 nm左右的PS微球的平均弹性模量约为2.80 GPa,其数值略低于聚苯乙烯块体材料的弹性模量.复合微球的弹性模量随CeO₂壳层厚度的增加而增大,当CeO₂壳厚分别约为8、12和16 nm时,其平均弹性模量依次约为7.93、8.25和10.67 GPa.与纯氧化铈相比,PS/CeO₂复合微球的弹性模量更接近于聚苯乙烯微球.