低温液相合成甲醇用铜铬硅催化剂的制备与表征

采用共沉淀方法制备了一种含Cu,Cr,Si三种组分的复合氧化物催化剂用于低温液相合成甲醇。用TG－DTG对催化剂前体做了表征,用XRD,BET,H2－TPR,松装比测试等方法对合成用催化剂作了系列表征并在间歇式高压反应釜中考察了催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性。结果表明：铜铬硅催化剂的反应活性、选择性和稳定性都明显优于铜铬催化剂。其前体中只是一个高温热不稳定体,而铜铬催化剂中具有低温和高温两个热不稳定体。两种催化剂都以无定型形存在;加入硅后得到的铜铬硅催化剂结构更加疏松、比表面积更大,其H2－TPR的还原温度更低。     

助剂Cr对Cu/SiO2催化碳酸酯加氢制甲醇性能的影响

碳酸酯催化加氢制甲醇作为二氧化碳定向转化的间接路径具有重要意义.采用蒸氨法合成了一系列助剂铬修饰的Cr_x-Cu/SiO₂催化剂，系统考察了其对碳酸二乙酯催化加氢性能的影响.研究表明，3 wt%铬修饰量的催化剂活性最优.在反应温度503 K、氢气压力2.5 MPa及液时空速1.0 h^-1条件下，碳酸二乙酯的转化率可达99%，目标产物甲醇的收率和时空得率分别为86.2%和5.6 mmol_MeOH·g_cat^-1·h^-1.采用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、N₂吸脱附、透射电镜（TEM）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（In-situ DRIFTS）等手段表征了铬的修饰对催化剂物化性质的影响.结果表明，相较于未修饰的Cu/SiO₂催化剂，少量铬修饰所得Cr_x-Cu/SiO₂催化剂表面活性铜物种的分散度显著提高，且由部分铜和铬相互作用形成的亚铬酸铜物相优化了不同价态铜物种的表面分布状况及催化剂对底物的吸附构型，有效提升了其对碳酸二乙酯催化加氢制甲醇的反应性能和稳定性.     

锰和镧改性Cu/ZrO2合成甲醇催化剂的结构及催化性能

 考察了锰和镧助剂对Cu/ZrO2催化剂上CO加氢合成甲醇反应性能的影响,并通过BET,XRD,TPR,H2-TPD和CO-TPD等手段对催化剂的结构及吸附-脱附性能进行了研究. 结果表明,锰和镧两种助剂均能有效地提高催化剂的活性,同时引入两种助剂时可使催化剂的活性进一步提高,表现出较强的协同效应. 一方面,锰的加入可使催化剂各组分的相互作用增强,特别是铜锰复合物的形成可有效地促进活性组分的分散,防止催化剂的烧结; 另一方面,镧助剂的引入进一步增强了铜锆在界面的相互作用,稳定了催化剂的活性中心,有利于吸附物种在两者之间发生溢流.     

焙烧温度对Cu/ZrO2和Cu-La2O3/ZrO2催化性能的影响

Cu／ZrO2催化剂作为一种新型的甲醇合成催化剂,和Cu-Zn-Al催化剂相比,具有优良的催化活性[1,2]．Cu／ZrO2催化剂中活性中心及合成甲醇的反应机理与Cu-Zn-Al催化剂有较大差别,铜锆分散度及界面大小对甲醇合成活性有重要影响,如Keoppel等人研究发现,当Cu／ZrO2催化剂焙烧温度达到923K,ZrO2发生晶化,严重影响铜锆界面从而显著降低催化剂的活性[3]．ZrO2作为p型半导体,在催化剂中不仅起对催化剂活性组分进行支撑和分散作用,它可与催化剂活性组分产生独特的相互作用．近年来,铜锆之间的相互作用及协同效应日益受到人们重视[4…     

Fe助剂对Cu/ZrO2甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂的影响

利用XRD、TPR和EXAFS等手段，研究了Fe助剂对Cu/Fe2O3/ZrO3催化剂物化特性的影响，同时研究了对甲醇水蒸气重整反应活性和选择性的影响。结果表明，Fe对Cu/ZrO2催化剂结构有一定的修饰作用。添加Fe助剂后，铜的分散度提高，催化剂的起始还原温度提前，还原温度区间缩短；同时甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应催化活性上升，氢选择性提高，产物中CO含量降低，但铁铜比应有一最佳值。     

CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程,得到低温活性、氢选择性和稳定性较好的催化剂.Cu/Al2O3催化剂中添加CeO2提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,当CeO2质量分数为20％时,催化剂活性表现最佳.在反应温度250 ℃,水醇摩尔比为1.0,液体空速为3.28 h －1条件下,甲醇转化率为95.5％,氢气选择性为100％.此外,CeO2通过促进水气转化反应降低了重整气中CO的含量.Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂在200 h的寿命实验中,活性仍保持在90.0％以上,而Cu/Al2O3催化剂在100 h的寿命实验中,活性已很快下降.XRD和TPR分析及表面元素分布结果表明,铜和铈相互作用促进了铜在催化剂表面的高度分散,阻止了铜晶粒团聚、烧结,促使铜晶粒细小化,促进了铜的还原,改善了Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的性能.     

CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程,得到低温活性、氢选择性和稳定性较好的催化剂.Cu/A12O3催化剂中添加CeO2提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,当CeO2质量分数为20%时,催化剂活性表现最佳.在反应温度250℃,水醇摩尔比为1.0,液体空速为3.28 h-1条件下,甲醇转化率为95.5%,氢气选择性为100%.此外,CeO2通过促进水气转化反应降低了重整气中CO的含量.Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂在200 h的寿命实验中,活性仍保持在90.0%以上,而Cu/Al2O3催化剂在100 h的寿命实验中,活性已很快下降.XRD和TPR分析及表面元素分布结果表明,铜和铈相互作用促进了铜在催化剂表面的高度分散,阻止了铜晶粒团聚、烧结,促使铜晶粒细小化,促进了铜的还原,改善了Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的性能.     

CuO—ZnO—La2O3—AI2O3催化剂上的甲醇水蒸汽重整

研究了La助剂对甲醇不蒸汽重整制氢CuO-ZnO-AI2O3催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,加入La助剂后,催化剂的低温活性和稳定性都得到明显提高;稳定性实验表明,在合适的反应条件下,CuO-ZnO-La2O3-AI2O3催化剂经600h实验,其甲醇转化率稳定在87．5％以上,CO含量低于0．35％,显示出良好的工业应用前景。XPS研究表明,加入La助剂后,铜组分在催化剂表面得到了更好的分散,且反应过程中在该催化剂表面Zn的富集量远高于在CuO-ZnO-AI2O3催化剂表面上。     

液相还原法制备Cu/Zn/Al/Zr催化剂用于CO2加氢合成甲醇

近年来,由于大气CO2浓度增加引起的温室效应正日益威胁着人类的生存与发展,CO2的捕获与利用是有望解决温室效应和能源危机的有效途径.CO2催化转化为甲醇成为众多研究者关注的焦点,这是因为甲醇不仅是一种重要的基本化工原料,也是一种洁净的绿色燃料和能源载体.Cu基催化剂广泛应用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应,并表现出良好的催化性能.通常,金属催化剂的制备是采用H2对金属氧化物进行还原.然而,传统的气相还原过程伴随着强烈的热效应,且需要在高温(473-573 K)下进行,会引起表面铜颗粒长大并加速其聚集烧结,使得活性组分利用率下降.近年来,以NaBH4为还原剂的液相还原法逐渐受到人们的重视,该方法操作简单、快捷且条件可控,反应在低温下进行,放出的热量可在液相环境中迅速得到转移,大大抑制了铜颗粒的聚集.因此,液相还原法可制备出高铜分散度、高活性的催化剂.焙烧温度对铜基催化剂结构和催化性能的影响已得到广泛探究,但这仅限于含二价铜物种催化剂,焙烧温度对含多种铜价态催化剂的影响未见报道.由于液相还原法制备的催化剂含有还原态的铜物种(Cu0和Cu+),它们比Cu2+具有更强的流动性,因此在后续的焙烧过程中催化剂更容易发生烧结和聚集.本文采用液相还原法合成了Cu/Zn/Al/Zr催化剂,分别于423,573,723和873 K焙烧后用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应,考察了焙烧温度对制备的铜基催化剂结构性质和催化性能的影响,并与传统共沉淀法制备的催化剂进行了对比.结果显示,随着焙烧温度升高,铜物种聚集作用增强,金属铜颗粒尺寸增大,873 K时烧结出现显著增强.由于比表面积随焙烧温度升高而减小,高温度焙烧的催化剂具有小的表面碱性位数目.焙烧温度会影响催化剂中铜物种与其它组分的相互作用,进而影响催化剂的还原.随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的还原温度逐渐降低,表面Cu+/Cu0的比例先增后减.CO2加氢活性评价显示,液相还原法制备的催化剂具有更高的催化活性,尤其是甲醇选择性;随着焙烧温度升高,催化剂的CO2转化率和甲醇选择性先增后减,CZAZ-573催化剂具有最高活性,且在1000 h长周期活性测试中表现稳定.CO2转化率与催化剂暴露金属铜的比表面积密切相关.相比Cu0,产物甲醇更容易在Cu+表面催化生成,催化剂表面的Cu+/Cu0比与甲醇选择性的变化规律一致.通过调控焙烧温度可得到高Cu比表面积以及高Cu+/Cu0比的催化剂,有利于CO2加氢生成甲醇.     

助剂对于Cu/ZnO催化剂结构特征及催化草酸二甲酯加氢合成乙二醇反应性能的影响

采用共沉淀法合成了掺杂不同助剂的Cu-M/ZnO (Cu:ZnO 物质的量比=5∶4,M=Zr⁴⁺、Al³⁺、Mg²⁺，助剂含量为4.0%)用于催化草酸二甲酯(Dimethyl oxalate, DMO)选择加氢反应催化剂。结果表明，微量掺杂Al³⁺、Mg²⁺助剂嵌入于ZnO 晶相，Zr⁴⁺助剂嵌入Cu晶相均能显著促进Cu/ZnO 催化剂中铜分散；其中，Mg²⁺助剂能够有效增强Cu、ZnO 物相间相互作用，Zr⁴⁺助剂能够有效增强Cu、ZrO₂物相间相互作用。催化DMO加氢选择加氢反应，Cu/ZnO 催化剂乙二醇(Ethylene glycol,EG)收率仅为75.0%,Cu-Al/ZnO 、Cu-Zr/ZnO 和Cu-Mg/ZnO 催化剂的EG收率分别为90.0%、85.0%、95.0%。相比Cu/ZnO 和Cu-Al/ZnO 催化剂催化DMO选择加氢反应易于失活，Cu-Zr/ZnO 和C...     

Characterization and catalytic functionalities of copper oxide catalysts supported on zirconia

A series of zirconia supported copper oxide catalysts with varying copper loadings (1.2-19.1 wt %) were prepared by impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2. Copper dispersion and metal area were determined by N2O decomposition method. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the presence of crystalline CuO phase beyond 2.7 wt % of Cu on zirconia. UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra suggest the presence of two types of copper species on the ZrO2 support. XPS peaks intensity ratio of Cu 2p3/2 and Zr 3d5/2 was compared with Cu dispersion calculated from N2O decomposition. TPR patterns reveal the presence of highly dispersed copper oxide at lower temperatures and bulk CuO at higher temperatures. The basicity of the catalysts was found to increase with Cu loading, and the activity of the catalysts was also found to increase with the increase in Cu loading up to 2.7 wt % Cu loading. The catalytic properties were evaluated for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and were related to surface properties of the copper species supported on zirconia.     

On the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 over copper/zirconia and palladium/zirconia catalysts

Summary Zirconia-supported hydrogenation catalysts were obtained by activation of the amorphous precursors Cu₇₀Zr₃₀ and Pd₂₅Zr₇₅ under CO₂ hydrogenation conditions. Catalysts of comparable compositions prepared by co-precipitation and wet impregnation of zirconia with copper- and palladium salts, respectively, served as reference materials. The catalyst surfaces under reaction conditions were investigated by diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. Carbonates, formate, formaldehyde, methylate and methanol were identified as the pivotal surface species. The appearance and surface concentrations of these species were correlated with the presence of CO₂ and CO as reactant gases, and with the formation of either methane or methanol as reaction products. Two major pathways have been identified from the experimental results. i) The reaction of CO₂/H₂-mixtures on Cu/zirconia and Pd/zirconia primarily yields surface formate, which is hydrogenated to methane without further observable intermediates. ii) The catalytic reaction between CO and hydrogen yields -bonded formaldehyde, which is subsequently reduced to methylate and methanol. Interestingly, there is no observable correlation between absorbed formaldehyde or methylate on the one hand, and gas phase methane on the other hand. The reactants, CO₂ and CO, can be interconverted catalytically by the water gas shift reaction. The influence of the metals on this system of coupled reactions gives rise to different product selectivities in CO₂ hydrogenation reactions. On zirconia-supported palladium catalysts, surface formate is efficiently reduced to methane, which consequently appears to be the principal CO₂ hydrogenation product. In contrast, there is a favorable reaction pathway on copper in which CO is reduced to methanol without C-O bond cleavage; surface formate does not participate significantly in this reaction. In CO₂ hydrogenations on copper/zirconia, methanol can be obtained as the main product, from a sequence of the reverse water gas shift reaction followed by CO reduction.     

Metal/zirconia catalysts for the synthesis of methanol: characterization by vibrational spectroscopy

The activation of carbon dioxide by catalytic hydrogenation has been studied as a route for methanol synthesis. Metal/zirconia catalysts suitable for this reaction have been prepared by (i) activation of amorphous metal alloys [1] or (ii) coprecipitation of amorphous zirconia and metal oxides [2]. Vibrational spectroscopy has been used to obtain information on the catalytic reaction mechanism, by the in situ identification of adsorbed species and intermediates under reaction conditions.The reverse water-gas shift reaction, producing CO from CO₂ and hydrogen, plays a crucial role in the reaction mechanism. This reduction is shown to proceed via surface formate, adsorbed close to the metal/zirconia interface. Over Pd/ZrO₂ and Ni/ZrO₂, formate is reduced to methane without further observable intermediates. Pivotal intermediates on the route to methanol, as observed on Cu/ZrO₂ catalysts, are -bound formaldehyde and surface methylate. Addition of silver as a promoter can result in enhanced selectivities and productivities for methanol formation. The synergy between the two metals becomes evident from the spectroscopic measurements; the most prominent feature of the silver-promoted catalysts is a high concentration of surface formaldehyde, which is either preferentially formed or stabilized by the silver component.     

A facile method for the synthesis of copper modified amine-functionalized mesoporous zirconia and its catalytic evaluation in C-S coupling reaction

A new copper modified amine functionalized zirconia has been synthesized by a co-condensation method using zirconium butoxide and aminopropyltriethoxy-silane (APTES) in the presence of a cationic surfactant CTAB followed by impregnation of copper. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron micrography (SEM), transmittance electron micrography (TEM), thermo gravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-vis DRS spectroscopic tools are used to characterize the materials. FT-IR and DRS results indicated the incorporation of Cu and amino groups on the surface of zirconia. This Cu-anchored mesoporous material acts as an efficient, reusable catalyst in the aryl-sulfur coupling reaction between aryl iodide and thiophenol for the synthesis of value added diarylsulfides.     

含Y或La助剂的CuO／ZrO2合成甲醇催化剂的性能和结构研究

通过ＣｕＯ／ＺｒＯ２及含Ｙ或Ｌａ助剂的ＣｕＯ／ＺｒＯ２催化剂对ＯＣ／Ｈ２合成甲醇性能的研究，发现稀土助剂能有效地提高该催化剂的活性。ＸＲＤ结果说明，ＣｕＯ｜ＺｒＯ２中加入Ｙ或Ｌａ助剂可使氧化铜处于较高的分散状态。ＴＰＲ结果揭示ＣｕＯ／ＺｒＯ２催化剂中存在着在室温就很容易被氧人的铜，它在催化剂中含量的增加导致催化剂活性的提高，是关切的活性组份。助剂的加入使这种易被氧化的铜含量增加。ＸＰＳ表面分析结果     

铜的表面氧在甲醇水蒸气重整反应中的作用

研究了Cu和ZrO₂/Cu模型催化剂的甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的反应性能, 结果表明, 纯铜催化剂的反应初始活性随着还原温度的增加而显著降低, 并且在失活后的催化剂反应体系中通入少量的氧, 可恢复催化剂的活性. 相对于Cu, ZrO₂/Cu催化剂的活性和稳定性显著增加. 催化剂的TPR, XPS以及原位FT-IR表征结果表明, 导致催化剂活性迅速降低的原因为催化剂表面氧物种的逐渐消耗. ZrO₂在反应过程中可以稳定铜表面氧以及Cu^＋物种, 从而显著提高了反应活性和稳定性.     

CaO对Cu-ZnO-ZrO_2催化CO_2加H_2合成甲醇性能影响

用CaO作为改性助剂,采用并流共沉淀法制备了CuO∶ZnO∶ZrO_2为5∶4∶1(物质的量比),CaO添加量为0、1%、2%、4%、8%、16%(摩尔分数)的六组催化剂。用X射线衍射(XRD)、微商热重(TG-DTG)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、N2吸附脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、CO_2程序升温脱附(CO_2-TPD)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)对催化剂进行了表征。用自制固定床评价了催化剂活性。结果表明,添加CaO后,催化剂路易斯酸性和表面碱性增强;催化剂母体中高温碳酸盐含量增加,热稳定性增强,CuO颗粒粒径变小,Cu-Zn协同作用增强,Cu比表面积增大,分散性变好。催化剂活性受到表面酸碱性、铜比表面积、Cu-Zn协同作用和铜分散性共同影响。当CaO为2%时,铜比表面积为79.3 m2/g、铜分散度为34.8%、CO_2转化率为24.55%、甲醇选择性为19.01%、甲醇收率为0.044 g/(gcat·h),催化剂活性最好。过量CaO占据催化剂孔道和覆盖表面活性位,使催化剂路易斯酸性和表面碱性过强,CuO与H_2有效接触减少,CO_2难以脱附,催化活性下降。因此,适量CaO(2%)添加可促进CO_2加氢反应合成甲醇。     

The local environment of Cu+ in Cu-Y zeolite and its relationship to the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate

Cu-exchanged Y zeolite was investigated in order to determine the location of the copper cations relative to the zeolite framework and to determine which Cu cations are active for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Cu-Y zeolite was prepared by vapor-phase exchange of H-Y with CuCl. The oxidation state, local coordination, and bond distances of Al and Cu were determined using Al K-edge and Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Complimentary information was obtained by H2 temperature-programmed reduction and by in-situ infrared spectroscopy. Cu-Y has a Cu/Al ratio of unity and very little occluded CuCl. The average Al-O and Al-Cu bond distances are 1.67 angstroms and 2.79 angstroms, respectively, and the average Cu-O and Cu-Si(Al) bond distances are 1.99 angstroms and 3.13 angstroms, respectively. All of the Cu exchanged is present as Cu+ in sites I', II, and III'. Cu-Y is active for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol, and at low reactant contact time produces DMC as the primary product. With increasing reactant contact time, DMC formation decreases in preference to the formation of dimethoxy methane (DMM) and methylformate (MF). The formation of DMM and MF is attributed to the hydrogenation of DMC and the hydrogenolysis of DMM, respectively. Observation of the catalyst under reaction conditions reveals that most of the copper cations remain as Cu+, but some oxidation of Cu+ to Cu2+ does occur. It is also concluded that only those copper cations present in site II and III' positions are accessible to the reactants, and hence are catalytically active. The dominant adsorbed species on the surface are methoxy groups, and adsorbed CO is present as a minority species. The relationship of these observations to the kinetics of DMC synthesis is discussed.     

CeO_2改性Cu/Zn-Al水滑石衍生催化剂对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的影响

采用原位合成法在γ-Al2O3表面合成了锌铝水滑石,再采用顺次浸渍法制备了Ce/Cu/Zn-Al催化材料;将其应用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢,探讨了Ce含量对Cu/Zn-Al催化剂催化性能的影响.催化剂表征结果表明,CeO_2的引入改善了活性组分铜的分散度、铜的比表面积以及催化剂的氧化还原性质,进而提高了催化剂的催化活性和产氢率.当Ce含量为4%时,催化剂活性最佳,在250℃时,甲醇转化率达到100%,CO摩尔分数为0.39%,与Cu/Zn-Al催化剂相比,甲醇转化率提高了近40%.