透明质酸的改性及临床应用

透明质酸具有极高的保湿性、粘弹性、润滑性、生物相容性和生物降解性,在医药、组织工程及临床医学中得到广泛应用。但天然HA稳定性差,对强酸、强碱、热及透明质酸酶敏感等缺陷限制了其在临床上的应用,因此改性HA的研究越来越受到关注。本文综述了近年来国内外采用交联、酯化、复合／共聚等方法对HA的改性研究,介绍了HA及衍生物在眼科...     

透明质酸的改性及在生物医用材料领域的应用研究

透明质酸(HA)是人体内最为常见的一种粘多糖,具有优良的生物相容性和可降解性,可广泛应用于药物输送、皮肤填充材料、组织工程、药物载体和3D仿生学等方面,是当前生物医用材料领域的研究热点之一。HA具有独特的结构使其显示出特定的物理化学性质,可通过物理或化学方法修饰,赋予其新功能和新应用。本文从HA的分子结构出发,重点综述了HA的官能团羧基、羟基和乙酰胺基的化学改性和物理改性,主要包括羧基的酰胺化反应和酯化反应,羟基与环氧化物的开环反应、与有机硫化物的反应、酯化反应、与卤化物的反应和氧化反应,以及HA脱乙酰基反应;介绍了HA在生物医用材料领域的应用,并对其前景进行展望。     

壳聚糖作基因载体及其改性研究进展

基因载体是基因治疗的关键,病毒性基因载体在临床应用上暴露出一系列安全问题,非病毒性载体的研究成为当务之急。因其来源丰富、价廉、优良的物理化学和生物学特性,壳聚糖是当今最具潜力的非病毒性基因载体。近年来,壳聚糖作基因载体及其改性研究取得了长足的进展。本文重点从壳聚糖/基因复合物的大小、稳定性、靶向性及基因转染效率等方面概述了壳聚糖及其改性衍生物作基因载体的最新研究进展。     

透明质酸改性研究进展

综述了近年来透明质酸改性方法研究进展,主要介绍通过化学方法,复合改性方法制备功能化透明质酸衍生物的研究状况,并对其研究前景作了展望.     

基于透明质酸的刺激响应纳米给药系统的研究进展

透明质酸(Hyaluronic acid, HA)是一种天然多糖,具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,利用 HA 构建的纳米载体自身就具有肿瘤靶向功能,可以作为抗癌药物载体将药物传递到肿瘤细胞内从而实现精准到达病患处。近年来透明质酸在应用于肿瘤靶向给药系统中的关注越来越多,成为了靶向治疗肿瘤的一大研究热点。基于透明质酸的基本特性和肿瘤靶向的生理学基础,在不同的刺激响应下,透明质酸型纳米给药系统能将药物集中释放于肿瘤的微环境内,更好地杀死肿瘤细胞,同时避免其他正常的组织受到药物损害。本文主要综述了透明质酸型纳米药物输送系统在各种刺激响应下释放药物的最新研究进展。     

基于环糊精的靶向药物传递系统

癌症等恶性增殖疾病的靶向治疗有赖于靶向药物传递系统（targeted drug delivery system,TDDS）的开发。环糊精具有低毒、易修饰等优良性质,并可通过与药物分子形成包合物而提高药物的溶解性、稳定性、安全性和生物利用度等,因而具有成为优秀药物载体的潜力。环糊精不仅可以以其本身或修饰环糊精的形式充当载体,还可通过聚轮烷、阳离子聚合物或纳米粒等形式构建有效的药物载体。肿瘤或人体某些病变部位的细胞表面存在过度表达的生物受体如叶酸受体、去唾液酸糖蛋白受体、透明质酸受体、转铁蛋白受体和整合素受体等,可以与其相应的配体产生特异性识别。用适当的化学方法将配体分子如叶酸、单糖或寡糖、透明质酸、转铁蛋白及RGD肽等键接在基于环糊精的载体上,可形成具有靶向性质的药物载体,进而与药物分子一起构筑靶向药物传递系统。这种药物传递系统不仅针对于化学治疗药物,在核酸传递中也得到了丰富的应用。本文综述了基于环糊精的靶向药物传递系统的靶向机理及最新研究进展,并对其发展前景作了展望。     

固相合成及组合化学用的高聚物载体

综述了用于固相合成及组合化学的高聚物载体的制备方法、特征、应用和最新进展,重点介绍了目前广泛用作固相载体的交联聚苯乙烯树脂、聚酰胺树脂和TentaGel树脂,并对几类新型载体如聚乙二醇、聚四氢呋喃衍生物交联剂改性的聚苯乙烯树脂、非芳环体系的POEPOP,树脂和SPOCC树脂作了简要的概述。     

交联透明质酸血管栓塞剂的制备及表征

经化学改性的透明质酸不仅保留了天然透明质酸原本良好的生物相容性和可降解性,还赋予了独特的理化性质,如抗降解性、粘弹性等。利用这一特性,可将改性后的透明质酸用于血管栓塞治疗肿瘤疾病。本研究采用乳化交联法制备交联透明质酸钠微球栓塞剂,考察了透明质酸钠起始反应浓度、乳化剪切速度及油水相比例各因素对微球成球性、粒径分布的影响,采用光学显微镜观察微球形态特征,并对微球的理化性质进行了分析。研究结果表明,制备的交联透明质酸钠微球表面光滑、球形态完整,具有良好的抗压缩形变能力,符合微球血管栓塞剂的基本要求,为体内实验的研究提供理论基础。     

白蛋白作为药物载体的研究

白蛋白作为药物载体的应用已越来越广泛,其载药方式主要有两种:一是使药物和白蛋白载体间产生分子链接形成白蛋白化药物,即化学偶联的白蛋白载药;二是依赖蛋白与药物的相互作用将药物包埋于白蛋白纳米颗粒中,即物理结合的白蛋白载药。化学偶联白蛋白可改善药物的药代动力学特性,其中又可分为外源性白蛋白与药物耦合、前体药物进入体内与内源性白蛋白结合、蛋白及多肽类药物的白蛋白化。物理结合则可优化药物某些体外特性,如提高溶解性、稳定性等。基于临床应用的需求,作为载体的白蛋白正历经着修饰及改性的研究热潮。本文总结了近年来白蛋白载药技术的发展及白蛋白的修饰改性现状。     

聚天冬酰胺衍生物药物/基因载体的合成和应用

与碳链聚合物相比,聚氨基酸类高分子由于其生物相容性好、可降解代谢、毒副作用低等优点而被广泛应用于生物医药领域。基于天冬氨酸的聚天冬酰胺衍生物,其合成方法简单多样,通过对其修饰改性可制备出具有各种环境响应性（温度、pH和还原敏感）的智能高分子,得到高效、低毒的药物/基因载体,实现可控释放、增强疗效、降低药物副作用的目的。本文重点介绍了聚天冬酰胺衍生物（特别是刺激响应性聚天冬酰胺衍生物）的合成改性方法、及其在药物和基因载体领域最新的研究进展,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Bioresponsive Hyaluronic Acid‐Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery

In this paper, we present a facile strategy to synthesize hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSP) for targeted enzyme responsive drug delivery, in which the anchored HA polysaccharides not only act as capping agents but also as targeting ligands without the need of additional modification. The nanoconjugates possess many attractive features including chemical simplicity, high colloidal stability, good biocompatibility, cell‐targeting ability, and precise cargo release, making them promising agents for biomedical applications. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, the nanoconjugates are shown to release cargoes from the interior pores of MSPs upon HA degradation in response to hyaluronidase‐1 (Hyal‐1). Moreover, after receptor‐mediated endocytosis into cancer cells, the anchored HA was degraded into small fragments, facilitating the release of drugs to kill the cancer cells. Overall, we envision that this system might open the door to a new generation of carrier system for site‐selective, controlled‐release delivery of anticancer drugs.     

RHEOLOGICAL STUDY ON HYALURONIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVE SOLUTIONS

ABSTRACT

Rheological measurements were performed on Hyaluronic acid (HA) and its derivative solutions to evaluate steady flow viscosity and dynamics response with the aim to correlate the materials properties to the concentration, molecular weight and chemical structure. At low molecular weight and concentration, the HA solutions behaved as viscous liquid, whereas a soft-gel response was evident at higher molecular weight and concentration due to chains entanglement. Increasing the molecular weight was more effective than increasing concentration in promoting entanglement of molecular chains of HA. Comparing the behavior of HA solutions with that of Hyaluronic acid derivatives, it is showed that it is possible to modulate the rheological properties of HA based solutions by chemical modification preserving the bio-compatibility of the materials. The results of the rheological analysis provide a valuable tool to properly design optimal substitutes for specific biomedical application.     

Hyaluronic Acid Derivative Effect on Niosomal Coating and Interaction with Cellular Mimetic Membranes

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the most used biopolymers in the development of drug delivery systems, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity and intrinsic-targeting properties. HA specifically binds to CD44; this property combined to the EPR effect could provide an option for reinforced active tumor targeting by nanocarriers, improving drug uptake by the cancer cells via the HA-CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. Moreover, HA can be easily chemically modified to tailor its physico-chemical properties in view of specific applications. The derivatization with cholesterol confers to HA an amphiphilic character, and then the ability of anchoring to niosomes. HA-Chol was then used to coat Span^® or Tween^® niosomes providing them with an intrinsic targeting shell. The nanocarrier physico-chemical properties were analyzed in terms of hydrodynamic diameter, ζ-potential, and bilayer structural features to evaluate the difference between naked and HA-coated niosomes. Niosomes stability was evaluated over time and in bovine serum. Moreover, interaction properties of HA-coated nanovesicles with model membranes, namely liposomes, were studied, to obtain insights on their interaction behavior with biological membranes in future experiments. The obtained coated systems showed good chemical physical features and represent a good opportunity to carry out active targeting strategies.     

Bulk and surface modifications of polylactide

This article reviews various methods of modifying the bulk and surface properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) so that the polymer may be used as a drug carrier in a drug delivery system (DDS) and as a cell scaffold in tissue engineering. Copolymerization of lactide with other lactone-type monomers or monomers with functional groups such as malic acid, copolymerization of lactide with macromolecular monomer such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or dextran, as well as blending polylactide and natural derivatives and other methods of bulk modification are discussed. Surface modifications of PLA-type copolymers, such as surface coating, chemical modification, and plasma treatment are described. Cell culture technology proves the efficiency of bulk and surface modification and the potential application of PLA in tissue engineering.     

Polylactic acid (PLA) synthesis and modifications: a review

This article reviews various methods of synthesizing polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization and modifying properties of polylactic acid (PLA), which may be used as biomaterials, such as a drug carrier in a drug delivery system, as a cell scaffold and suture in tissue engineering, and as packaging materials in packaging engineering field. Copolymerization of lactide with other monomers or polymers such as malic acid, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyglycolic acid (PGA), or dextran, as well as blending polylactide with natural derivatives and other methods of modification are discussed. Surface modifications of PLA-type copolymers, such as surface coating, chemical modification, and plasma treatment are described.     

基于透明质酸构筑的药物递送载体及其应用

传统纳米药物控释载体主要通过细胞胞吞作用实现药物递送,其主要过程为被动靶向机制,因此会影响纳米载体在肿瘤组织的富集和治疗效果。近年来生物大分子透明质酸因其优异的水溶性、生物相容性、可降解性和肿瘤靶向性备受科研工作者青睐,已被广泛用于药物控释载体的构筑中,并成为靶向肿瘤治疗纳米载体领域的研究热点。本文根据透明质酸基纳米载体治疗机制的不同,从透明质酸基纳米载体在化疗、光热治疗、光动力治疗以及联合治疗的应用方面对其性能进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上展望了未来透明质酸基纳米治疗载体的研究方向和发展趋势。     

Characterisation of hydroxyapatite surface modified by poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) grafting

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has many applications in medicine as a biocompatible and bioactive biomaterial. Numerous studies have shown that modification of the HA surface can improve its biological and chemical properties. However, little is known about the surface properties of modified materials. In this paper the influence of organic polymers: polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) on the surface properties and surface chemistry of hydroxyapatite (HA) is presented. The surface properties of modified HA were characterised by the FT-IR, XPS, BET, and zeta potential measurements. Specific surface area was determined by BET. Infrared and XPS spectra confirmed the presence of PEG and pHEMA on the surface of HA. The BET N₂ adsorption revealed slight changes in the HA surface chemistry after grafting modification. The surface chemical properties of the HA were considered to be based on the zeta potential. The decrease in zeta potential results in the increasing stability of the modified material and also in the reduction of bacterial adhesion. The reaction for surface modification of HA is proposed and described.     

聚己内酯在药物载体方面的研究进展

聚己内酯(poly-ε-caprolactone,PCL)是一种人工合成的聚酯类高分子材料,对人体无毒,具有良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性和无免疫原性。PCL还对其它聚合物具有良好的相容性,可以制备出多种性能优良的共聚物或共混物,因此PCL及其共聚物、共混物作为药物载体的研究受到国内外研究者的高度重视。此外,PCL因其在人体中的降解过程十分缓慢可作为药物控释材料,目前已经获得美国FDA的批准。本文将从聚己内酯的合成与改性及其各剂型在药物载体方面的研究进展进行综述。