三聚氰胺结构和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用Materials Studio 软件中的DMol~3模块对三聚氰胺的结构和性质进行了理论研究.得到了分子的几何构型、振动频率、各原子上的电荷分布、热力学、以及Fukui指数和前线分子轨道.计算结果表明:三聚氰胺分子中的C原子易得电子,是亲核试剂进攻点,而胺基上的N原子因含孤对电子是亲电反应中心.     

非对称环氧乙烷的区域选择性亲核开环反应

本文总结了常用亲核试剂对非对称环氧乙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性。强亲核性的亲核试剂通常只受空间效应影响,进攻非对称环氧乙烷位阻小的碳原子,对于烯基取代环氧乙烷还可以进攻烯基的β-碳原子发生S_N2'开环反应,其他亲核试剂同时受空间效应和电子效应的影响,对于烷基环氧乙烷通常进攻其取代少的碳原子, 空间效应起主导作用,而对芳基和烯基取代环氧乙烷开环反应通常发生在环氧乙烷芳甲位和烯丙位的碳原子上, 电子效应起主导作用。在质子酸或强Lewis酸存在下,虽然单烷基环氧乙烷的开环仍然发生在其取代少的碳原子上,但对于芳基、烯基和同碳双取代环氧乙烷,亲核开环反应将主要受电子效应控制,一般亲核试剂倾向于进攻环氧乙烷的芳甲位、烯丙位或多取代的碳原子。分子内的亲核开环反应主要受成环时环大小的控制, 成环时的倾向是五元环> 六元环> 七元环。环氧乙烷亲核开环的区域选择性是环氧乙烷和亲核试剂空间效应和电子效应平衡的结果。     

甲基化试剂的研究进展

甲基是生物活性分子和药物分子的重要砌块,是组成复杂分子的重要结构单元.对复杂分子进行甲基修饰一般通过甲基化反应来实现,主要有亲核进攻、亲电进攻或自由基等途径.本文通过对文献的整理和总结,介绍了过去几十年常用于甲基化反应的甲基试剂,主要包括亲电甲基化试剂和亲核甲基化试剂.重点介绍了近年来发展的新型甲基试剂和新型甲基化反应,并对其反应机理进行了探讨.我们期望本文能够帮助科研工作者了解甲基化的发展和各种甲基化方法的优缺点,从而激发他们对甲基化领域的研究兴趣.     

正硅酸乙酯水解过程的半经验量子化学研究

通过半经验量子化学方法研究了正硅酸乙酯的最优化分子几何结构并推断了催化水解机理。通过用MNDO方法求得正硅酸乙酯在不同条件下水解反应过程的位能曲线,研究了不同催化剂对正硅酸乙酯水解反应过程的影响。计算结果表明,碱催化过程是一个放热过程,硅原子可从原先的4配位的正四面体结构向6配位的八面体结构转变。而在酸性条件下,水合质子作为亲电试剂,可以使正硅酸乙酯的烷氧基质子化,从而增加了正硅酸乙酯的亲电能力。质子化后的正硅酸乙酯容易被亲核试剂所进攻,进攻过程是一个S_N2亲核取代反应过程。计算结果表明,在有氟离子参与的反应过程中,氟离子对正硅酸乙酯亲核进攻所形成的6配位结构易与亲核试剂水分子发生亲核反应。这些结论对实验研究将起到很重要的指导意义。     

多胺基烷基酰胺生成机理的量子化学研究

用量子化学方法研究了丙酸与多乙烯多胺缩合反应机理。采用AM1方法全优化计算了丙酸多胺盐及其质子化盐的几何构型、电子结构以及酸催化下的亲核加成和消除反应的机能曲线,求得该两步反应的活化能分别为6.258kJ/mol和206.15kJ/mol。消除反应是速度控制步骤。发现质子化后丙酸羰基碳原子上的净电荷增大,前线分子轨道能级差减小,前线分子轨道间相互作用增强,表明酸催化大大增强反应活性。     

具有吸电子基的亲双烯试剂有利于Diels-Alder反应的进行

Diels-Alder反应是双键对共轭二烯的1,4加成,形成六节环化合物,所以又称4+2环加成反应。通式常写成: Z和Z’是—CHO,—COR,—COOH等吸电子基。实验证明,亲双烯试剂具有吸电子基,二烯分子存在供电子基时,反应较易进行。此反应具有协同反应的特征,故可用前线轨道理论加以讨论。二烯和亲双烯试剂分子都有HOMO(最高占据轨道)和LUMO(最低空轨道),彼此     

醛、酮结构对羰基亲核加成反应活性的影响

醛、酮分子中都含有活泼的羰基 ,亲核加成是醛酮最重要、最典型的反应之一。其反应历程为 :式中Ｒ为Ｈ或烃基 ,Ｎｕ为亲核试剂。这两种历程 ,决定反应速率的关键步骤均为Ｎｕ对羰基的进攻[1～ 3 ] 。因此 ,羰基化合物的结构以及Ｎｕ的性质对加成反应进行的难易程度均有影响。但在相同的条件下 ,同一亲核试剂对不同羰基化合物的加成反应 ,影响反应活性的因素就只有羰基化合物的结构了。国内有机化学教科书[3～ 7] 一般都是从两方面论述羰基反应活性的 :①电子因素 :当羰基碳上连有给电性基团 (如烷基、芳基等 )时 ,由于中心碳原子的电正性减…     

呋喃查尔酮结构与电子光谱的密度泛函理论研究

在密度泛函理论的PBE1PBE/6-31G(d)水平上对呋喃查尔酮及其衍生物的几何结构进行优化计算.在获得基态稳定结构的基础上,应用含时密度泛函理论计算其电子吸收光谱,探讨了取代基和溶剂对电子吸收光谱的影响,计算结果与实验结果吻合很好,平均绝对偏差仅为3.3nm(0.04eV).结果表明,取代基的引入和溶剂极性的增大均使光谱发生红移.通过前线轨道分析,揭示了该类化合物的主要吸收峰均源自分子中HOMO→LUMO电子跃迁.     

烯亚砜化合物的制备及反应概述

烯亚砜作为一类重要的反应中间体在有机合成领域发挥着重要应用。常见的烯亚砜制备方法包括:硫羰基化合物氧化、亚磺酰衍生物β-消除反应、改进的Peterson反应、重氮甲基亚砜的杂原子-Wolff重排反应等。作为活性中间体的烯亚砜可以被亲核试剂进攻硫原子中心或者碳原子中心,分别得到亚砜化合物或者新的烯亚砜物种;而其自身亦可以作为亲核试剂,以氧原子作为亲核位点与其他亲电试剂反应。烯亚砜和酰基或者烯基烯亚砜可以分别作为亲双烯体或双烯体发生正常和逆电子需求的Diels-Alder反应。烯亚砜既可以作为亲偶极子,也可以作为偶极子发生偶极环加成反应。此外,烯亚砜自身还可以发生二聚、脱硫等反应。希望本文总结的内容能够对该研究领域感兴趣的化学工作者有所帮助,并促进烯亚砜化学的进一步发展。     

亚硝酰基钼、钨配合物及其铁杂核簇合物

一氧化氮具有电子给予体和受体的双重性质,在过渡金属配合物中亚硝酰基以线型或弯曲型端基,桥式或面桥式配基配位,很早便引起了结构化学家的注意。这些不同的键合模式影响亚硝酰基的反应能力,它可与亲电试剂如质子酸或路易斯酸反应,也可以与亲核试剂如碳阴离子反应。可以作为氧源与 CO 发生氧化还原反应减少内燃机废气污染,也可以与有机配体发生分子内插入反应,形成新的碳氮     

甲醇钠引发的环氧乙烷开环聚合反应过程

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)的Dmol3方法, 计算了甲醇钠引发的环氧乙烷开环聚合的反应过程. 并运用前线轨道理论对该聚合反应的各步反应历程进行了分析. 计算结果表明, 链引发为无能垒的放热反应, 放出的能量达到92.560 kJ·mol-1, 而链增长过程则需越过100.951 kJ·mol-1的反应能垒, 链增长物种与环氧乙烷的前线轨道相对称, 可以使开环聚合反应继续进行下去. 当向反应体系中加入草酸、磷酸等质子酸时, 会立即发生链终止反应. 此外, 还对链增长过渡态的合理性进行了确认, 绘出了相应的反应势能曲线.     

环硅氧烷开环聚合反应的机理及动力学研究

环硅氧烷在亲核或亲电催化剂、温度或辐射作用下,可开环聚合生成线型聚硅氧烷,聚合方法主要有本体聚合和乳液聚合.本体聚合可分为阴离子聚合和阳离子聚合,阴离子聚合就是在碱性催化剂(亲核试剂)作用下,使环硅氧烷开环聚合成线型聚硅氧烷的过程;阳离子聚合就是环硅氧烷在酸性催化剂(亲电试剂)作用下的开环聚合反应.乳液聚合则是单体和水(或其它分散介质)并用乳化剂配成乳液状态进行聚合,按所采用的乳化剂种类不同,主要有阴离子型和阳离子型两种类型.本文总结了近几年国内外环硅氧烷本体聚合和乳液聚合的开环聚合机理及动力学研究情况,并对今后此方面的研究进行了展望.     

Mechanism of the living lactide polymerization mediated by robust zinc guanidine complexes

Zinc bis(chelate) guanidine complexes promote living lactide polymerization at elevated temperatures. By means of kinetic and spectroscopic analyses the mechanism has been elucidated for these special initiators that make use of neutral N-donor ligands. The neutral guanidine function initiates the polymerization by a nucleophilic ring-opening attack on the lactide molecule. DFT calculations on the first ring-opening step show that the guanidine is able to act as a nucleophile. Three transition states were located for ligand rearrangement, nucleophilic attack, and ring-opening. The second ring-opening step was modeled as a representation for the chain growth because here, the lactate alcoholate opens the second lactide molecule via two transition states (nucleophilic attack and ring-opening). Additionally, the resulting reaction profile proceeds overall exothermically, which is the driving force for the reaction. The experimental and calculated data are in good agreement and the presented mechanism explains why the polymerization proceeds without co-initiators.     

环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷开环聚合*

环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的开环聚合产物在表面活性剂工业和聚氨酯工业得到了极为广泛的应用.本文综述了近几年来发展的用于环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷开环聚合的各类催化剂体系,分别讨论了各类催化剂体系对环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的不同作用机制,考察了反应物结构对反应活性和选择性的影响,重点介绍了配位络合催化剂体系在环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷开环聚合反应中的应用,并指出了今后研究的方向.     

MECHANISM-TRANSFORMATION SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(STYRENE-b-2-ETHYL-2-OXAZOLINE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMER*

By mechanism-transformation (anionic→ cationic) poly(styrene- b-2-ethyl -2-oxazoline) diblockcopolymer, PS-b-PEOx, was synthesized in two steps. The first step is the polymerization of styrene blockcapped with ethylene oxide and its tosylation; the second step is the cationic ring-opening polymerization of2-ethyl-2-oxazoline. The products were thoroughly characterized by various methods, such as ~1H-NMR, IR,DMA, TEM and SAXS. The results show that the copolymer obtained possesses high molecular weight andnarrow molecular weight distribution.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the mechanism of ring opening in ethylene oxide polymerization

In order to obtain quantitative results on the mechanism of ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide, ¹³C satellite spectra of dideuterioethylene oxides and their polymers prepared by anionic, cationic, and coordination catalysts were measured with deuterium decoupling and analyzed. The ratios of the threo to erythro polymers were same as those of the cis to trans monomers. Therefore, it is concluded that the ring-opening polymerizations of ethylene oxide proceed almost entirely with inversion of configuration, confirming the results obtained by the analysis of the infrared spectra of the deuterated polymers by Price, Tadokoro and co-workers.     

Hyperbranched polyethers by ring‐opening polymerization: Contribution of activated monomer mechanism

Propagation in the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic ethers involves nucleophilic attack of oxygen atoms from the monomer molecules on the cationic growing species (oxonium ions). Such a mechanism is known as the active chain‐end mechanism. If hydroxyl groups containing compounds are present in the system, oxygen atoms of HO? groups may compete with cyclic ether oxygen atoms of monomer molecules in reaction with oxonium ions. At the proper conditions, this reaction may dominate, and propagation may proceed by the activated monomer mechanism, that is, by subsequent addition of protonated monomer molecules to HO? terminated macromolecules. Both mechanisms may contribute to the propagation in the cationic polymerization of monomers containing both functions (i.e., cyclic ether group and hydroxyl groups) within the same molecule. In this article, the mechanism of polymerization of three‐ and four‐membered cyclic ethers containing hydroxymethyl substituents is discussed in terms of competition between two possible mechanisms of propagation that governs the structure of the products—branched polyethers containing multiple terminal hydroxymethyl groups. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 457–468, 2003     

Study on controlling particle growth in seeded emulsion polymerization with regulated coagulation based on the electrostatic interactions

30wt% solid content, anionic seed copolymer latex P(methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) was prepared by conventional emulsion polymerization, and then the seeded emulsion polymerization was carried out accompanied with the electrostatic coagulation during the reaction in the presence of counter-ion species, such as cationic monomer and initiator. In this article, effects of cationic monomer (dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate, DM) content, secondary monomer to seed polymer weight ratio, M/P and amount of emulsifier (polyoxyethylene nonylphenylether with 23 units of ethylene oxide, PEO23) were investigated on the effective particle growth and the stability of final latex. With 10wt% DM in monomer, M/P ratio at 2.0 were recommended. An optimal policy for handling the emulsifier content without the nucleation of secondary particles while achieving the controlled coagulative growth was proposed from the observations of polymer yield and particle size during the polymerization.     

Open mechanistic problems of quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of olefins mediated by nucleophilic additives

This study is a comprehensive overview of the open problems and the existing views on the mechanism of quasiliving carbocationic polymerizations (QLCP) of olefins mediated by nucleophilic additives. The fundamental and general aspects of ideal living and quasiliving polymerizations involving other mechanisms, such as free radical, group transfer, ring-opening metathesis, ring-opening cationic and anionic processes, have been also analyzed and summarized. Quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of olefins in the presence of nucleophiles, which form complexes with the Lewis acid coinitiators, occur By reversible termination. Four different mechanisms have been discussed in this study: (1) reactivity leveling by nucleophiles (“electron donors”); (2) propagation by species with decreased ionicity (“stretched polarized bonds”) mediated by Lewis acid-nucleophile complexes (LA-Nu); (3) propagation by classical ion pair and free ion species; (4) proton scavenging by nucleophiles and 2,6-di-teri-butylpyridine proton trap. It is shown that mechanisms No. 1, 3 and 4 cannot explain all the existing findings, and although the experimental results can be interpreted with mechanism No. 2, the existence of “stretched polarized bonds” can be questionable. It is also concluded that compared to nonliving carbocationic polymerization, kinetic analysis indicates that the propagating species cannot be the same in quasiliving carbocationic polymerizations and in chain transfer dominated classical carbocationic polymerizations with ion pairs and free ions.