稀土元素与中草药关系的探讨

根据有关文献资料,介绍了稀土元素在农业中,特别是中草药中的应用,探讨了稀土元素对中草药药效的影响。     

自动进样分光光度法测定中草药中的铈

<正>稀土是植物生长发育的有益元素[1-4]。我国中草药应用已有几千年的历史,稀土和微量元素对中草药药效的影响以及稀土元素在中草药方面的应用是药学科学研究的新领域。将稀土元素用于中草药,可提高中草药产量与质量,并提高中草药有效成分含量,最终可提高药物疗效[5-8],因此,检测中草药中稀土元素的含量有着十分重要的意义。稀土元素与偶氮胂Ⅲ在弱酸性环境中显色反应十分灵敏,据此,可用紫外-可见分光光度法直接测     

稀土元素生物学效应的研究

主要讨论了稀土元素（ＲＥＥ）在生物和人体中的生理生态效应，其中包括卟啉、类胡萝卜花色 及中药、中草药中稀土元素的生物学效应。通过作者的研究表明，ＲＥＥ在生物和人体中是一种起特殊生理生态作用，尤其是促进光与能量的吸收、传递与代谢的微量元素或超微量元素。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱测定中草药中痕量稀土元素的研究

本文报道了微波消解／ICP－MS测定中草药中痕量稀土元素的新方法。在优化实验条件下，方法的检出限为0.71-15.2pg/mL，相对标准偏差为0.80%-3.3%，加标回收率为87.4%-106%。该法具有操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、准确度好和多元素同时测定等优点。     

稀土元素超积累植物研究进展

概述了稀土元素的环境生态学特性及其超积累植物，并对稀土元素超积累植物研究的重要科学意义进行了介绍。在此基础上，详细综述了近年来稀土元素超积累植物的研究成果，包括其种属、空间地域分布，其体内稀土元素的分布、分异特征及影响因素，其吸收富集稀土元素的生理及生化机制，并展望了稀土元素超积累植物及其修复应用研究的发展前景。     

新疆阿克提什坎金矿床稀土元素地球化学研究

研究了新疆阿尔泰特地区阿克提什坎金矿床的稀土元素及矿区二长花岗岩平衡的热液中稀土元素的组成特征及配分模型，并应用Grang等位线方法讨论了热液蚀变作用过程中稀土元素的行为。研究表明，在热液蚀变作用过程中，稀土元素保持惰性，成矿热液与岩浆热液关系不大，成矿物质主要来源于围岩。     

稀土元素防治植物病害的研究进展

稀土元素在农业上应用的有关研究主要集中在植物生理活性、生理生化机制及稀土元素的卫生毒理学和环境安全性方面，对其在防治植物病害、对植物病原微生物方面的研究较少。本文对稀土元素在防治植物病害及诱导植物抗病性方面进行了综述，重点探讨了稀土元素防治植物病害的作用机制，并展望了此方面的应用前景，期望能够对于进一步研究利用稀土防治植物病害。拓宽稀土元素农用范围发挥一定的指导作用。     

开滦煤洗选过程中稀土元素的迁移和分配特征

以河北开滦矿区晚古生代煤及其洗选产品为研究对象，运用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和逐级化学提取的方法，对稀土元素的质量分数及其在洗选过程中的迁移和分配特征进行了研究。结果表明，开滦矿区煤中稀土元素没有明显富集；稀土元素在入洗原煤及其洗选产品中，以煤泥中质量分数最高，尾煤次之，在尾煤和煤泥中均相对富集；稀土元素在精煤中的质量分数最低；同原煤相比，中煤的稀土元素质量分数没有明显变化。原煤及其洗选的4种产品中的稀土元素分配模式基本相同，主要差别是质量分数的不同。稀土元素在洗选过程中的分配行为和赋存状态主要受控于黏土矿物，其次是有机质。     

中子活化法研究稀土矿区植物体中稀土元素的分布特征

用仪器中子活化法测定了我国江西赣南某离子吸附型稀土矿区生长的１７种不同植物中８个稀土元素的含 研究了稀土元素在植物体内的分布特征。结果表明，称土矿区植物体内的稀土元素含量较高，其中铁芒萁叶中部属然土含一可达３０００μｇ／ｇ以上，比其它植物叶高２－３个数量级。植物体各部位的稀土含量分布一般为根〉叶〉茎。经球粒陨石归一化后，稀土元素分布模式均与其母土基本相似。然而，在植物从土壤吸收及输送的吕，稀土元素     

郯庐断裂带鲁皖段新生代玄武岩形成机制的稀土判别

根据郯庐断裂带鲁皖段早第三纪、中新世以及更新世玄武岩的稀土元素特征的研究，应用稀土判据探讨了区内玄武岩的形成机制。稀土元素和常量元素的相关关系显示，郯庐断裂带新生代3个阶段玄武岩成岩过程中分离结晶作用不明显，其形成机制应该为上地幔部分熔融作用。通过多种稀土元素联合协变关系也同样反映了这些玄武岩的形成机制为上地幔部分熔融作用，同时也显示区内新生代玄武岩的稀土元素特征继承了其源区物质的稀土元素特征。这一结论与区内Sr，Nd同位素研究的结果相吻合。     

Determination of rare-earth elements in Periyar River water (Kerala, India) and seawater (Mumbai, India) using neutron activation analysis

During the present work rare earth elements (REEs) in Periyar River water and in seawater from the region of Mumbai, India, have been measured via neutron activation analysis. To separate and concentrate REEs a pre-irradiation separation approach via ion exchange was adopted. Standard addition and radiotracer studies were carried out to validate the analytical methodology including the recoveries of the separations. The measured REE concentrations in the water samples are presented and discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of uranium(VI) in monazite sand

The design and characterization of an argon segmented-solid phase extraction system is described. A 200 ul volume micro-column has been constructed for the preconcentration of rare earth elements (REEs) from salt matrices containing uranium. An inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer has been utilized for simultaneous detection of Sr, Y and the REEs (namely Ce, Eu, La, Nd, Pr, Sm) at levels ranging from 5- to 2000 ppm in LiC1/KCl samples containing U. Preconcentration factors of 100 fold have been demonstrated. The precision, linear dynamic range and column performance of the system will be presented.     

High-resolution spectra of selected rare earth elements and spectral interferences studied by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

The rare earth elements (REEs) play very important roles in industrial manufacturing, technology development and biological processes. Due to their complex emission spectra, trace levels of REEs are difficult to analyze by conventional ICP-AES techniques. The present study investigates possible spectral interferences of matrices (rare earth oxides of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Dy) on the analytical lines (± 0.1 nm) of a target REE. Detailed and well-resolved spectra for selected REEs are presented, and procedures used to rectify the problem of spectral interferences caused by REE matrices are discussed. A computer-assisted system (CAS) for spectral recognition has been developed and used to assist in the study of matrix interference. To determine directly trace rare earth elements in REE matrices without sample pre-separation, the application potential is demonstrated with a one meter sequential instrument retrofitted with a 3600 grooves/mm grating.     

On-line preconcentration of some rare earth elements in water samples using C18-cartridge modified with l-(2-pyridylazo) 2-naphtol (PAN) prior to simultaneous determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES)

The on-line column preconcentration technique with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES) has been developed using a cartridge filled with octadecyl silica modified by l-(2-pyridylazo) 2-naphtol (PAN). The aim of this method was to determine some rare earth elements (REEs) (Ce, Dy, La, Sm, and Y) and uranium in water samples. Sample solutions were passed through the C₁₈-modified column. The adsorbed cations were subsequently eluted from the column and transferred into the plasma with nitric acid solution for simultaneous determination of them. Sample pH, amount of PAN as a complexing agent, sampling and eluting flowrates and concentration of the eluent were optimized. Detection limits based on three times of standard deviations of blank by 10 replicates were in the range of 11 ng l⁻¹ for Dy to 69 ng l⁻¹ for U. Sample throughput was 10 samples h⁻¹. The proposed method was applied to determine REEs in natural water samples. Recoveries of the REEs from natural water samples were between 95 and 106% with percent relative standard deviation (%R.S.D.) of 1.0–7.9%.     

Flow injection on-line solid phase extraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for determination of (Ultra)trace rare earth elements in environmental materials using maleic acid grafted polytetrafluoroethylene fibers as sorbent

A new sorbent, maleic acid grafted polytetrafluoroethylene fiber (MA-PTFE), was prepared and evaluated for on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for fast, selective, and sensitive determination of (ultra)trace rare earth elements (REEs) in environmental samples. The REEs in aqueous samples at pH = 3.0 were selectively extracted onto a microcolumn packed with the MA-PTFE fiber, and the adsorbed REEs were subsequently eluted on-line with 0.9 mol l(-1) HNO3 for ICP-MS determination. The new sorbent extraction system allows effective preconcentration and separation of the REEs from the major matrix constituents of alkali and alkali earth elements, particularly their separation from barium that produces considerable isobaric interferences of 134Ba16O1H+, 135Ba16O+, 136Ba16O1H+, and 137Ba16O+ on 151Eu+ and 153Eu+. With the use of a sample loading flow rate of 7.4 ml min(-1) for 120 s preconcentration, enhancement factors of 69-97 and detection limits (3s) of 1-20 pg l(-1) were achieved at a sample throughput of 22 samples h(-1). The precision (RSD) for 16 replicate determinations of 50 ng l(-1) of REEs was 0.5-1.1%. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of (ultra)trace REEs in sediment, soil, and seawater samples.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定高钨基体样品中稀土元素的含量

准确测定钨矿和钨酸盐晶体等高钨基体样品中稀土元素的含量有助于开展矿床地球化学特征研究及钨酸盐激光晶体材料的制备和性质研究。在高钨基体样品电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）分析时,为了考察高钨及高含量阳离子等基体组成对分析结果的影响,实验针对Na2WO4、CaWO4、NaY(WO4)2、MnWO4和(Fe,Mn)WO4等高钨基体样品,采用硝酸和氢氟酸高压密闭消解,加入稀土元素并用2% HNO3溶液稀释定容配制成稀土元素浓度为1 ng·g-1的基体匹配标准溶液;同时,直接用2% HNO3溶液配制稀土元素浓度相同的非基体匹配标准溶液以对比系统考察两种基体溶液中稀土元素的相对灵敏度系数（RSC）差异。结果显示,基体匹配溶液与2% HNO3溶液中稀土元素的RSC相对偏差基本小于15%,表明基体效应的影响可以忽略不计。进而,为了准确测定常见高钨基体样品中稀土元素的含量,实验建立了基于ICP-MS的高钨基体样品中稀土元素准确定量分析方法,该方法线性关系好（R2 ? 0.9997）,检出限低（0.5 ~ 27.9 pg·g-1）,准确度理想（相对误差-6.25 ~ 10.74%）。采用该方法测定了钨酸钙单晶实际样品中稀土元素的含量并将其与基体匹配法的测定结果进行比对,结果显示两者相对偏差为0.80 ~ 12.75%,说明本文所建立的分析方法可靠,能用于定量测定高钨基体样品中稀土元素的含量。     

Nd(III) and Gd(III) Sorption on Mesoporous Amine-Functionalized Polymer/SiO2 Composite

The strong demand for rare-earth elements (REEs) is driven by their wide use in high-tech devices. New processes have to be developed for valorizing low-grade ores or alternative metal sources (such as wastes and spent materials). The present work contributed to the development of new sorbents for the recovery of rare earth ions from aqueous solutions. Functionalized mesoporous silica composite was synthesized by grafting diethylenetriamine onto composite support. The physical and chemical properties of the new sorbent are characterized using BET, TGA, elemental analysis, titration, FTIR, and XPS spectroscopies to identify the reactive groups (amine groups: 3.25 mmol N g⁻¹ and 3.41 by EA and titration, respectively) and their mode of interaction with Nd(III) and Gd(III). The sorption capacity at the optimum pH (i.e., 4) reaches 0.9 mmol Nd g⁻¹ and 1 mmol Gd g⁻¹. Uptake kinetics are modeled by the pseudo-first-order rate equation (equilibrium time: 30–40 min). At pH close to 4–5, the sorbent shows high selectivity for rare-earth elements against alkali-earth elements. This selectivity is confirmed by the efficient recovery of REEs from acidic leachates of gibbsite ore. After elution (using 0.5 M HCl solutions), selective precipitation (using oxalate solutions), and calcination, pure rare earth oxides were obtained. The sorbent shows promising perspective due to its high and fast sorption properties for REEs, good recycling, and high selectivity.     

Development and Optimization of Pre-Concentration Procedure of Rare-Earth Elements (REEs) in Their Minerals,Using Microwave - Assisted Sample Dissolution for ICP-Atomic Emission Spectrometric Detection

The aim of this research was to develop and optimize a procedure for determination of REEs in xenotime and monazite samples collected from Bangka Island, which were compared to Standard Monazite (71 AG) of Bureau of Analyzed Samples, London. ICP-OES method was used for the determination. The samples were dried and sterilized by heating for a week at 110 °C, before digesting with nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, using a microwave-assisted digestion system. After a careful line selection, at the detection limits for all REEs in the ng/mL the REEs were reliably obtained at the 0.09 – 38% level.     

Properties of the material of interphase formations based on lanthanide Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate

The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the material of interphase formations arising spontaneously in the interface region of an extraction system consisting of an aqueous solution of a rare-earth element (REE) salt (a solution of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in an organic solvent) are investigated. The structure of lanthanide di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate is determined and its lattice constants are estimated. It is shown that the electric conductivity and optical density of the material of interphase formations transferred onto a glass plate correlate with the accumulation of REEs in the interfacial layer of the extraction system. The difference between the properties of the material of interphase formations based on REEs of the yttrium and cerium subgroups is established.     

Spectral Interferences in the Determination of REEs in Samarium and Dysprosium Matrices by High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

There is an increasing need for sensitive, accurate and convenient analytical techniques for rare earth elements (REEs) analysis and determination with their expanding applications. Rare earth elements (REEs) are widely used in the areas of industry, agriculture and modern technologies, e.g., as growth promotion agent in agriculture,catalyst in oil refining, additives in new ceramic material and special steels, etc. It is also finding important application in nuclear industry.