Analysis of the local conformation of proteins with two-dimensional fluorescence techniques

Two 2D fluorescence techniques are described which allow the study of conformational changes in proteins in their native form in μM solutions using aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine) as intrinsic fluorescence markers. Simultaneous time- and wavelength-resolved fluorescence spectra are measured using a 80 ps laser source in conjunction with streak detection in the exit plane of an astigmatism-corrected spectrometer. This approach allows identification of different photophysical processes by their associated lifetime and spectral intensity distribution; errors due to the more common integration over a wider spectral range are avoided. Time-resolved spectra are sensitive to changes in the collisional environment (dynamic quenching) and can thus be used to monitor local conformation changes close to the respective fluorophors. This is demonstrated for the Ras protein which undergoes a drastic conformation change while binding to different nucleotides. Excitation-emission spectra are two-dimensional fluorescence images with one axis corresponding to the excitation and the other to the emission wavelength. Thus, they contain all conventional excitation and fluorescence spectra of a given substance. The 2D structure facilitates the interpretation of these spectra and allows the direct identification of resonance effects, scattering and the isolation of the contribution of different fluorophors to the complete spectrum. This is demonstrated for mixtures of tyrosine and tryptophan. In this case, both wavelength-resolved spectra and temporal decays are affected by energy transfer processes between the two amino acids. In a last example, both static and time-resolved spectral methods are combined to determine the respective contribution of static and dynamic quenching in calsequestrin. Evaluation of the fluorescence data is in good agreement with a recent crystallographic analysis which shows that all tryptophans are located in a conserved domain of the protein. Addition of Ca²⁺ ions leads to a more compact form of calsequestrin and to polymers. This information would not be obtainable from either of the two techniques alone. Received: 10 February 2000 / Published online: 13 September 2000     

Frequency-selective quantitation of short-echo time 1H magnetic resonance spectra

Accurate and efficient filtering techniques are required to suppress large nuisance components present in short-echo time magnetic resonance (MR) spectra. This paper discusses two powerful filtering techniques used in long-echo time MR spectral quantitation, the maximum-phase FIR filter (MP-FIR) and the Hankel-Lanczos Singular Value Decomposition with Partial ReOrthogonalization (HLSVD-PRO), and shows that they can be applied to their more complex short-echo time spectral counterparts. Both filters are validated and compared through extensive simulations. Their properties are discussed. In particular, the capability of MP-FIR for dealing with macromolecular components is emphasized. Although this property does not make a large difference for long-echo time MR spectra, it can be important when quantifying short-echo time spectra.     

椰子花粉过敏原profilin蛋白体外重折叠过程的光谱学研究

在基因工程技术中,采用原核表达系统获得的重组蛋白通常都是以包涵体的形式存在.利用圆二色性光谱、荧光光谱和同步荧光光谱对尿素诱导的重组椰子化粉泛过敏原profilin蛋白包涵体的复性过程进行了系统的光谱学研究,得到了profilin蛋白复性过程的光谱学特征;结合生物信息学方法,通过对profilin蛋白的二级结构和三级结构的预测,进一步分析了复性过程中profilin蛋白构象变化的特点,初步建市了一种新的检测重组变应原蛋白复性程度的光谱学实验方法,为重组蛋白包涵体复性机理的深入研究进行了有益的探索.     

波谱分析技术在宝石鉴定中的应用评述

波谱分析技术已被成功地应用于宝石学研究和宝石鉴定领域,如红外光谱技术,拉曼光谱技术和顺磁共振技术均可以有效,快速,无损和准确地鉴定宝石的类别,如天然宝石,人工合成宝石和优化处理宝石。     

Methods of terahertz-subterahertz BWO spectroscopy of conducting materials

This paper considers present spectroscopic methods developed for measurement of dielectric response (conductivity and permittivity spectra) of condensed media in the terahertz-subterahertz spectral regions. The techniques based on the use of BWO spectrometers and designed for direct quantitative measurements (without invoking the Kramers-Kronig relations) in the terahertz-subterahertz frequency range (0.03–1.45 THz) of the conductivity σ(ν) and permittivity ?′(ν) spectra of conducting and absorbing materials are described. The techniques are based on measuring the amplitude and phase of the transmission coefficient of film samples on dielectric substrates and the reflection coefficient of a reference plane-parallel dielectric plate contacting the surface of the sample under study. The use of these techniques in measurement of the σ(ν)) and ?′(ν) spectra of conductors and superconductors is illustrated with examples.     

纯位移核磁共振氢谱及其应用

J耦合引起的核磁共振(NMR)信号多重裂分的数目和耦合常数反映了磁性原子核之间的化学键数目和空间位置信息,是研究分子结构的重要依据之一.但是当分子中磁性原子核数目增加时,NMR谱图特别是一维核磁共振氢谱(1D ~1H NMR)中,J耦合所致的多重裂分造成谱图重叠,严重干扰结构指认和定量分析.利用纯位移(亦称宽带同核去耦)~1H NMR谱图可以消除J耦合效应(即将相邻质子间耦合所引起的多重裂分融合成一个单峰),得到与去耦碳谱相似的、只含化学位移信息的谱图.该文首先介绍了三种最受关注的获取纯位移核磁共振氢谱技术——BIRD、ZS和PSYCHE的基本原理,随后综述了纯位移~1H NMR谱图的典型应用.     

Application of Multivariate Curve Resolution–Alternate Least Square Technique on Extracting Pure Spectral Components from Multiple Emitting Systems: a Case Study

Multiple emitting components in a fluorophoric system often produce complicated emission spectra. Extracting the individual spectral information from the composite spectra is important in order to comprehend the photophysical processes occurring in the multifluorophoric systems. Although the combination of Principal Component Analysis and Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternate Least Square (PCA/MCR-ALS) technique is a well-known approach for curve deconvolution, its applicability in the spectral deconvolution of vibronically and electronically mixed up emitting systems as well as systems merged up with multiple electronic bands without a priori knowledge of the individual emitting species, is not properly studied. The present work highlights the strength of PCA/MCR-ALS in retrieving pure spectral information from the set of complex spectra arising out of the regular variation of causative factors that result in the variation of spectral composition. The retrieval of the emission bands utilizing the PCA/MCR-ALS technique has been made without having a priori information of the emitting species present in the multifluorophoric systems and the resolved spectra correspond well with the fluorescence spectra of the individual chemical species. The common curve fitting methods such as Gaussian and Lorentzian techniques have been found to be unsuccessful in providing meaningful photophysical information through the retrieved spectra. A comparative study of the curve fitting techniques MCR-ALS, Gaussian and Lorentzian in a set of complicated emission spectra of (i) pyrene and its excimer, (ii) pyrene and its excimer in presence of benzo[a]pyrene, and (iii) fisetin in bile salt medium is presented herein in details.     

葡萄球菌核酸酶蛋白的时间分辨荧光与热力学特性

葡萄球菌核酸酶(SNase)是一种小型球状蛋白,其变体常用来研究蛋白质的折叠过程。不同于之前报道的研究方法和技术手段,采用时间相关单光子计数(TCSPC)及飞秒荧光上转换技术,结合紫外吸收谱和稳态荧光光谱,研究了SNase蛋白变体Δ+PHS和Δ+PHS+I92A的荧光动力学,以及不同温度下蛋白结构与热稳定性的关系,证明蛋白质内色氨酸残基可作为一种内源性探针对蛋白变体的结构折叠和热稳定性进行印证和研究。衰减相关光谱(DAS)表明了两种变体随温度变化的不同趋势,在此基础上进一步分析了这两种变体的结构折叠及热稳定性的差异。皮秒时间分辨发射光谱(TRES)显示色氨酸残基存在0.5 ns的连续光谱弛豫过程,而光谱移动量可作为SNase变体蛋白结构紧密程度的判断依据。飞秒上转换数据分析结果中,0.5 ps的DAS在光谱蓝端为正、红端为负,表明了色氨酸残基受到弛豫效应的影响。200 ps的寿命则说明色氨酸残基与周围猝灭基团之间存在电子转移过程。时间分辨荧光各向异性(anisotropy)的分析结果则说明了色氨酸残基在蛋白质体系内具有独立的局部运动,且其强弱与变体的热稳定性和热运动的整体效果有关。测量和分析色氨酸残基的时间分辨荧光性质为深入研究SNase蛋白的结构和功能提供了新的思路。     

Raman Spectrum of n-Propylamine in Cyclohexane

Polarized (Isotropic) Raman spectra of the N-H valence region of n-propylamine have been recorded as a function of concentration in cyclohexane. Statistical analysis of the data using non-linear least squares techniques revealed the presence of a fourth spectral band in this region, not observed in an earlier IR study. This latter peak has been assigned to vibrations of monomers in the liquid. The resolved spectral parameters are consistent with a picture of diminishing molecular association upon dilution of the amine in this non-polar solvent.     

High-resolution local field spectroscopy with internuclear correlations

Establishing correlations among distant (>3 Å) spins remains an outstanding problem for both spectral assignment and elucidation of interhelical contacts in solid-state NMR of oriented membrane proteins. Here we present a pulse sequence which incorporates the previously established mismatched Hartmann–Hahn mixing of dilute spins via the proton bath together with high-resolution local field spectroscopy. In addition to providing structural information, the use of dipolar couplings in the indirect dimension helps eliminate the spectral crowdedness compared to the standard homonuclear correlation techniques. The proposed pulse sequence may find its use in assigning protein spectra in uniaxially oriented membrane environments.     

拉曼光谱检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展

拉曼光谱是基于拉曼散射效应而发展起来的一种光谱分析技术,体现的是分子的振动或转动信息。由于拉曼光谱技术与常规化学分析技术相比,具有对样品无损、样品制备简单和所需样品量少等特点,广泛用于生物大分子结构变化的研究。拉曼光谱不仅可以用于蛋白质、核酸和脂类等生物大分子损伤的快速检测,而且可以用于癌症的诊断与手术治疗。通过对比正常组织与癌变组织的拉曼光谱,可以找到两种组织特征吸收峰的差异,从而为癌症的最终确诊和确定肿瘤切除范围提供重要信息。文章综述了拉曼光谱检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展,介绍了利用表面增强拉曼光谱、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱和紫外共振拉曼光谱等技术在检测蛋白质二级结构、膜脂及DNA损伤中的应用,并展望了未来拉曼光谱技术的发展前景。     

Effects of laser linewidth on coherent antiStokes Raman spectroscopy

Expressions for the generated antiStokes spectral density in coherent antiStokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) are obtained, which take into account the finite linewidths of laser sources and which may be used to analyse observed spectra. Lorentzian and gaussian laser lineshapes are taken as special cases, which enable further analytic results for single and multiline CARS spectra to be derived. Emphasis is placed on scanning and broadband (multiplex) CARS techniques, and the choice of laser sources discussed from the spectral point of view. As examples of multiline spectra an analytical account of a periodic spectrum is presented and temperature measurement from Q-branch spectra is treated.     

基于移动窗口相关系数光谱法的白酒品牌快速判别技术研究

为满足白酒品牌判别领域快速检测的迫切需求,提出了一种以紫外光谱为输入,移动窗口相关系数法为手段的白酒品牌快速判别新方法。研究以海之蓝酒作为对象品牌,实验结果显示各批次海之蓝酒在实验波长区间存在较高的吻合一致性,基于紫外光谱原始谱图的相关系数值和基于移动窗口光谱计算所得的相关系数值均达到0.99以上。由于其他洋河系列白酒与海之蓝酒均属于洋河酒厂生产,原料来源、生产制备工艺等存在较高的相似性,此时若仅使用紫外光谱原始谱图数据结合相似度算法进行品牌判别,则定量化的判别区分存在一定困难。移动窗口法可有效提高谱图细节差异,突出光谱在特征谱段的形状、强度、变化趋势差异,提高实验谱图在细节结构差异辨认分析能力。经过研究筛选,发现以移动窗口相关系数结合紫外光谱特征谱段(270～295 nm)可提高洋河系列酒间的谱图差异,实现这种有较高相似性白酒品牌的判别区分。此外,市售六种其他品牌白酒及乙醇作为对照组,进一步论证了该方案的可行性。该研究的创新之处在于提出了一种移动窗口相关系数光谱法进行白酒品牌快速判别分析的新思路,该方法同时具备速度快,操作简便等优点,具有较高的实际应用潜在价值,并可为其他食品的质量安全判别分析研究提供借鉴。     

Spectral and emission characteristics of LED and its application to LED-based sun-photometry

In recent years, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have found applications in fields like space science instrumentation in addition to its use in illumination. Sun photometry is one of the techniques for measuring aerosol optical depth. Photometers generally consisting of an interference filter and a photo-detector, measures the intensity of radiation in the wavelength band of the interference filter. LED alone replaces both the interference filter and the detector and works as a spectrally selective photo-detector. The spectral response (extinction spectra) of LED is required to calculate the aerosol optical depth. In general, it is assumed that the emission spectra and spectral response should be same. It has been found experimentally that the emission spectra and spectral response are different. The peak wavelength at which the maximum emission occurs is found to be higher than the peak of the spectral response curve. The FWHM of both are also found to be different. A typical example of Langley plot obtained from the LED-based Sun photometer is shown and optical depth obtained with this is compared with the conventional Sun photometer.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析中导数光谱法研究——Ⅰ.光谱干扰校正

本文报道了利用导数光谱法校正ICP-AES中光谱干扰的潜力,讨论了导数光谱法的特点以及它比常用的干扰系数法和离峰分析法具有更大的适用性。     

水体细菌微生物多波长透射光谱特征分析研究

多波长透射光谱能够反映出样品细胞大小、形状、内部结构和化学组分等丰富而独特的信息,是微生物快速、实时、在线检测与识别的有利工具。将多波长透射光谱技术应用于水体致病性细菌微生物的快速有效检测对控制水体细菌微生物污染及保护饮用水源水质安全具有重要的现实意义。为了建立及发展基于多波长透射光谱技术的水体致病性细菌微生物快速有效的检测方法,采用紫外-可见分光光度计获取了多种水体致病性细菌微生物(如： 肺炎克雷伯氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌)在200～900 nm波段的多波长透射光谱,对比分析了不同细菌及同种细菌在不同浓度时的多波长透射光谱特征。结果表明： 对于同种细菌,当细菌浓度发生变化时,400～900 nm波段透射光谱形状较为一致,并且在400,450,500和550 nm波长处的光密度值与浓度具有很好的线性关系,该波段由细菌体的散射起主要作用;但在200～400 nm波段范围内,细菌透射光谱的形状随细菌浓度的变化而变化,在200,258,300和350 nm波长处的光密度值与细菌浓度分别具有很好的二次多项式关系。根据微粒的Mie散射理论,采用Levenberg-Marquardt非线性最小二乘方法对测得的四种细菌透射光谱进行了散射光谱和吸收光谱拟合,并对比分析了不同细菌散射光谱特征和吸收光谱特征,结果表明： 四种细菌散射光谱的特征峰均在245 nm波长处,但该波长处的光密度值具有明显差异性,这与不同细菌外部结构及内部结构细胞器的大小、形状等不同有关;而四种细菌吸收光谱特征峰均在260 nm波长处,且不同细菌在240～400 nm波段内吸收光谱也具有明显差异性,这与不同细菌细胞内的核酸、蛋白质等化学组分含量不同有关。该研究表明对于不同种细菌及具有不同浓度的同种细菌,测得的多波长透射光谱及计算出的散射光谱和吸收光谱特征都具有明显的不同,通过多波长透射光谱解析可以获得细菌多种特征参数,多波长透射光谱可以被用于快速有效检测水体中的致病性细菌微生物。该研究为发展水体细菌微生物快速在线监测仪提供了重要依据。     

荧光光谱数据解析中的信息冗余初步研究

提出了光谱数据解析中的信息冗余系数的问题,从光谱数据处理过程中波段优化选择的方法入手,考察了多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)中的蒽、芘和菲三组分混合体系的荧光光谱数据,采用化学计量学中的主成分回归分析和波段变量选择的窗口移动法,通过理论分析和实验论证得到结论:(1)荧光光谱信号中存在信息冗余;(2)经冗余优化后的荧光光谱数据可以反演出更真实的样本的定量信息,对光谱重叠严重的多组分混合体系,采用冗余优化分析过的数据可以增加预测模型的灵敏度和稳定性。     

Least squares analysis of Voigt-shaped lines

The retrieval of the Lorentzian width, intensity, and position of Voigt-shaped lines obtained with an instrument of finite spectral resolution by spectral curve fitting and the use of non-linear, least-squares techniques are described. The accuracy with which the values of these parameters can be retrieved was tested by analyzing synthetic spectra to which random noise was added. Some of the requirements of the experimental data to obtain good retrievals are identified.     

利用光谱数据快速检测土壤含水量的方法研究

应用美国ASD公司的FieldSpec HandHeld型可见/近红外光谱仪获得了52份不同含水量土壤的可见/近红外漫反射光谱数据,并通过实验测定了各土壤样本的含水量值,运用相关系数法寻找出了光谱对于土壤水分的敏感波段,然后利用单一敏感波段处的光谱数据建立了一元回归模型, 并检测了土壤含水量。实验结果表明, 该模型对土壤水分的检测效果比较好,模型的预测相关系数r为0.966 5,预测均方根误差RMSEP为0.012 1,为快速、准确检测土壤含水量提供了一条新的途径。     

二蕊荷莲豆环肽B的NMR应用研究

植物环肽的¹H 和¹³C NMR图谱, 由于各种氨基酸自旋系统质子和碳的化学位移非常接近，谱峰高度重叠，结构解析比较困难. 文中以二蕊荷莲豆环肽B为例讨论了
现代2D NMR新技术，在植物环肽结构解析中的应用. HMQC-TOCSY图谱在氢谱方向和碳谱方向分别提供每一个氨基酸自旋系统内的氢和除季碳外碳的全相关信息，从而将每个氨基酸残基的NMR信号相互区分开来；结合¹H-¹H COSY 和 HMQC或HSQC图谱，就可以准确归属每个氨基酸的氢和碳的化学位移. 氨基酸残基之间的连接顺序可用HMBC、NOESY或ROESY图谱获得.