Correction of self-absorption spectral line and ratios of transition probabilities for homogeneous and LTE plasma

Expressions for fundamental spectral line parameters are reported for Gaussian and Lorentzian shape profiles for homogeneous plasma at equilibrium in presence of the self-absorption. These expressions for Lorentzian profiles are applied to the determination of the ratios of transition probabilities and the ratios of optical thicknesses by a new method that we propose in this article. The self-absorption is computed by spectral line profiles with a Simplex algorithm program fitting. Applications to some experimental lines illustrate the appropriate corrections.     

Peroxide-related chemiluminescence of cellulose and its self-absorption

In chemiluminometry, we measure the very faint light as a consequence of chemical reactions. During oxidation of cellulose, several reaction pathways lead to light production and in the present work we investigated chemiluminescence as a consequence of peroxide formation.With ¹³C-1 labelled glucose we studied oxidation of the end groups by following the emission of ¹³CO₂ using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A mechanism of peroxyacyl radical formation is suggested. Its proposed decomposition is a first-order reaction, which is reflected in chemiluminometric experiments. From these, we calculated the activation energy of the process, which depends on the temperature and is approximately 75 kJ mol⁻¹ at T > 100 °C and ∼55 kJ mol⁻¹ at T < 100 °C.Evidence is also presented on self-absorption of chemiluminescence in cellulose, suggesting that the phenomenon may account for up to 50% intensity loss.     

Nanocrystals for large Stokes shift-based optosensing

The influence of Stokes shift in optosensing was discussed. Then, the current status of large Stokes shift-based optosensing was reviewed here.     

Nanocrystals for large Stokes shift-based optosensing

Stokes shift is an important feature of fluorescence, which reveals the energy loss between the excitation and the emission. For most fluorescent materials(e.g., organic dyes and proteins), the large overlap between the absorption and emission spectra endow them a small Stokes shift that induced reabsorption by fluorophore itself. Although the self-absorption can be effectively reduced due to the emergence of fluorescent nanomaterials, fluorescence attenuation is still observed in aggregated or concentrated nanocrystals, causing reduced sensitivity of biosensors. Therefore, increasing the Stokes shift can effectively improve the performance of nano-agents based biosensing. In this critical review, through understanding the Stokes shift from the viewpoint of self-absorption, the influence of Stokes shift on fluorescence properties are discussed. Based on the principle of changing the Stokes shift of fluorescent nanomaterials, we described the methods for constructing various optically large Stokes shift-based nanomaterials, and the application of these nanocrystals in biosensing is especially concerned in this review.     

不同气压下激光诱导击穿Cu合金等离子体光谱自吸收现象研究

采用波长532 nm激光（脉宽为8 ns）诱导激发铜合金等离子体光谱,研究了激光能量分别为100,80,60和40 mJ时,常压下谱线（CuⅠ 324.754 nm）自吸收现象;在激光能量为100和40 mJ的条件下,研究了低环境压力对铜合金等离子体元素发射谱线自吸收现象和谱线特性的影响。结果表明：常压下谱线（CuⅠ 324.754 nm）存在严重的自吸收现象,自吸收程度随激光能量减小而降低。适度降低环境压强,谱线的自吸收程度大大降低,谱线的信背比增大,且在一定的低气压条件下,自吸收现象可以基本消除。在5.0×104 Pa气压下,两种能量下谱线的信背比均达到最大值,分别为8.90和8.66,相对于常压分别增大了11.23和12.62倍,此时谱线强度的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%和1.3%;两种能量下等离子体元素发射谱线的线宽随着气压的下降迅速减小,当气压为5.0×104 Pa时,等离子体元素发射谱线的线宽分别为0.08和0.06 nm,是常压下线宽的19%和20%。研究表明：低压环境能明显提高光谱分析的灵敏度和精密度,使得在分析较高含量元素时允许选择灵敏谱线,为采用LIBS技术准确测定高含量元素提供了有效方法。     

Comparison of Single Pulse and Double Simultaneous Pulse Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

A simple and cost-effective variant of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is presented that involves a double simultaneous pulse configuration employing a single laser source. Its performance is compared with conventional single pulse configuration. Double simultaneous pulses were accomplished by splitting a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 6 ns, 360 mJ) beam into two components that were focused on the sample surface to produce two concurrent breakdowns. Experiment was repeated for single pulse and double simultaneous pulses under different ambient pressures. The performance was evaluated on the basis of self-absorption, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the Mg II doublet (280.2704 nm, 279.553 nm). Optically thin emission lines of better profiles with higher signal-to-noise ratio resulted from double simultaneous pulses. The lowest relative standard deviations obtained by single pulse and double simultaneous pulse configurations were 18.89% and 12.01%, respectively. In fact, double simultaneous pulses have performed better than single pulse in all respects within the studied regime.     

基于多粒子LIBS谱线的自吸收校正方法研究

为克服自吸收效应对炉渣样品定量分析结果的影响,基于快速模拟退火算法的优化过程,结合等离子体发射光谱的基本理论,发展了一种基于多种粒子发射谱线的自吸收校正算法,给出了该算法的流程图。利用前述自吸收校正算法分别对精炼渣和高炉渣样品的激光诱导等离子体发射光谱强度进行校正,并结合无标分析法,对比分析了自吸收校正算法对样品成分定量分析结果的影响。对比自吸收校正前后的Boltzmann图可以看出,经自吸收校正后,等离子体中各粒子的温度均稳定在11600K左右,结果明显趋于一致。利用自吸收校正后同种粒子的等离子体光谱构建的Boltzmann图中,除一组数据外,其他数据在Boltzmann图中的截距基本一致。利用经自吸收校正后的谱线,对两种炉渣样品成分进行定量分析的结果表明：对于精炼渣,MgO的定量分析结果精度不高,若不分析MgO的含量,则CaO,Al₂O₃和SiO₂等成分定量分析结果的相对误差会明显降低;对于MgO含量为8.49%的高炉渣样品,Al₂O₃定量分析结果的精度最高,相对误差为2.38%,MgO最低,相对误差为28.27%,但基本可以反映出该成分在样品中的含量。     

Measurement of Stark broadening of Mn I and Mn II spectral lines in plasmas used for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

We present measurements of the Stark broadening of several Mn lines in the conditions of typical laser-induced plasmas. Single-and double-pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) configurations are studied on a series of Fe–Mn alloy samples with Mn concentration ranging from 6% to 30%. The effects of self-absorption on the measured line broadenings are discussed in detail. In particular, the experimental results evidence that self-absorption is much higher in laser-induced plasmas generated with double pulses, compared to the case of single pulse. After measurement of the electron density, the Stark coefficients of several neutral and ionic Mn lines are derived through the measure of the broadening in conditions of optically thin plasma. The results obtained for singly ionized Mn lines are compared with the theoretical and experimental data present in the literature. For the first time, experimental measurements of the Stark coefficient for several neutral Mn lines are also presented.     

激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析中的分析线自动选择方法

为了实现激光诱导击穿光谱分析中的分析线自动选择,定义了元素发射谱线的相对强度比(RDTIR)、波长偏差(WDDT)两个参数,并据此对检测谱线进行筛选,通过设定合理的阈值,剔除自吸收和干扰严重的谱线。通过对高合金钢(GBW01605)实验数据的分析,分别选定了样品中主要元素铁、铬、镍、锰、铜的分析线,选线结果符合谱线的选取原则。     

Evaluation of self-absorption coefficients of aluminum emission lines in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements

In quantitative Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements it is essential to account for the effect of self-absorption on the emission lines intensity. In order to quantify this effect, in this paper we propose a simple method for evaluating the ratio between the actual measured line intensity and the intensity expected in absence of self-absorption and, if necessary, correcting the effect of self-absorption on line intensity. The method, based on a homogeneous plasma model, is applicable when the plasma electron density is known and in particular to lines whose Stark broadening parameter is available.