基于改进的多轴差分吸收光谱层析技术的烟羽浓度峰重建

建立了被动多轴差分吸收光谱层析系统,实现烟羽气体的时空浓度分布测量,分别采用传统的同步迭代重建算法(SIRT)和改进的SIRT对测量数据进行了重建分析,克服了一些实际测试中不能获 取大量投影数据或投影分布不均匀、存在噪声的问题,精确地重建出大气痕量气体的二维空间分布．在不同的模型及评价指标下,通过数值模拟对两种重建算法的效果进行比较,改变改进的SIRT算法中的松弛因子,在5500次的迭代过程中,指标d从0.435降到了0.044,指标r从0.376降到了0.044,改进的SIRT算法具有更好的重建效果．外场重建试验中成功重建了大气痕量气体的二维空间．     

Improvements for ground-based remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol properties by additional polarimetric measurements

We discuss the improvements in the aerosol properties characterization resulting from the additional multi-wavelength polarization measurements measured by a new CIMEL polarized sun/sky-photometer, CE318-DP. In order to process direct-sun, sky and polarization measurements in a wide spectral range (340–1640 nm), we developed new calibration methods and strategies, e.g. using the Langley plot method to calibrate both direct-sun irradiance and sky radiance, as well as combining laboratory facilities with a vicarious method to calibrate the polarized sky measurements. For studying the impact of new polarimetric measurements on the retrievals of aerosol properties, we have processed an extensive record of field measurements using an updated Dubovik and King retrieval algorithm [Dubovik O, Sinyuk A, Lapyonok T, Holben BN, Mishchenko MI, et al. Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust. J Geophys Res 2006;111:D11208.]. A preliminary analysis shows that adding polarization in the inversion can reduce possible errors (notably for about 30% of our field cases) in the fine mode size distribution, real part of refractive index and particle shape parameter retrievals, especially for small particles.     

基于固有光学量的高光谱数据反演城市河网水质

水体辐射传输模型是水体光谱特性分析的理论基础,水体固有光学量由水体组成决定,与水体表面光场无关。基于统计的半经验算法虽然能获取指定区域水质参数反演结果,但是缺乏物理意义;基于生物光学模型的分析算法,针对城市河网内陆Ⅱ类水体光学特性复杂、空间分布异质性强、水体细小、流动性大等特点,利用高光谱数据,研究基于固有光学量的城市河网水质参数反演模型,对内陆城市浑浊水体光谱特性研究具有重大意义。提出了适用于内陆城市河网水体的改进QAA算法,以获取水体固有光学量,改进包括后向散射估计模型调整和参考波段优化两个方面;计算参考波段总吸收系数、颗粒物后向散射系数等固有光学量,得到浮游植物吸收系数和剔除纯水吸收系数;对浮游植物吸收系数最优波段比值与叶绿素a浓度进行线性回归分析,构建叶绿素a水质浓度反演模型,对剔除纯水吸收系数最优波段比值与悬浮物浓度线性回归分析,构建悬浮物水质浓度反演模型。针对内陆河网Ⅱ类水体,以典型的河网城市嘉兴市为研究区域,获取了研究区域航空高光谱数据,以及水质采样化验数据和水面以上光谱数据等地面准同步测量数据;利用QAA算法和IIMIW算法对实测水面以上光谱进行固有光学量反演,对比分析两个算法并结合城市河网水体特点,提出改进QAA算法;利用改进的QAA算法实现了研究区域水体的固有光学量反演,基于反演的水体固有光学量建立了叶绿素a浓度和悬浮物浓度两项水色参数定量反演模型,反演模型决定系数R2分别为0.64和0.71;并用航空高光谱数据同步区域的4个地面样点实测数据,对反演结果进行验证分析。通过水质参数浓度反演值与实测值的对比,叶绿素a和悬浮物水质浓度反演的平均相对误差分别为9.2%和9.4%,反演得到的叶绿素a和悬浮物浓度分布图,也与城市河网的特点和实际情况相符,为城市河网水质监测提供方法和模型参考。     

基于光谱特征的北京城区植被滞尘分布反演

植被叶片的滞尘量可以表征空气污染的程度, 分析城市植被滞尘的空间特征对于制定更为有效的空气污染控制政策具有重要的现实意义。基于北京市主城区采集的大叶黄杨、国槐、毛白杨和山桃等四种典型绿化植被叶片的滞尘量、光谱反射率和叶面积等数据,比较四种植被叶片滞尘前后的光谱曲线,进行窄波段与卫星波段滞尘前后叶片光谱反射率比值与滞尘量的相关分析。然后,分别建立相关性最大的卫星波段反射率和NDVI与滞尘量之间的回归模型, 选取拟合较好的模型反演北京城区植被的滞尘量分布,进而插值得到整个北京城区的尘埃分布。最后,根据高滞尘区域周围的土地覆盖和土地利用以及滞尘期间PM₁₀浓度的空间分布对反演的的合理性进行检验。结果表明：在780~1 300 nm波段,大叶黄杨、国槐、毛白杨和山桃四种植被的滞尘叶片反射率均明显低于干净叶片;窄波段反射率与滞尘量在520~650 nm波段和1 390~1 600 nm波段具有较高的相关性,相关系数的绝对值最高达到0.626;利用Landsat8的green波段和NDVI构建的滞尘反演模型,决定系数(R2)分别为0.446和0.465。NDVI模型反演的北京城区植被的滞尘量分布结果表明,北京城区滞尘含量呈现出北高南低,东高西低,中心城区高于郊区的空间分布格局。该研究通过高光谱和遥感影像数据反演滞尘量,可以为快速全面监测城市地区尘埃分布提供参考。     

Reconstruction of Smoke Plume Concentration Peaks Based on Modified MAX-DOAS Tomography

Optical tomography system based on modified simultaneous iterative reconstruction tech-nique is designed to real-time monitor spatial distribution and diffusion process of smoke plume in a power plant. Concentration profiles, rather than just a point value, of smoke plume concentrations are the goal of this method, and the tomography algorithm is ana-lyzed. According to incomplete projection data in the process of reconstruction and exiting noise interference, the modified simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) is adopted to extract the information of the trace gas concentration by a fan beam scanning and is compared to the conventional SIRT. Three evaluation indexes show that the recon-struction effect is the best by choosing proper relaxation factor, which reduces the index d to 0.044 from 0.435 and reduces the index r to 0.044 from 0.376 for 5500 iterations. Hence, the modified algorithm performs better in estimating the shape of the plume, this method is used to process the measured spectra in field campaign, the reconstruction results and the measured data are basically consistent, which is further confirmed by the experimental results.     

超光谱红外卫星资料同步反演不同地表类型的大气廓线、地表温度和地表发射率

大气温度、水汽、地表温度和地表发射率是大气和地表的本征信息量。利用卫星红外资料精确反演大气温湿廓线有利于准确预报天气和研究气候变化,同时地表温度和地表发射率光谱的反演为研究植物生长与作物产量、地表水分蒸发与循环、能量平衡、地表成分及物理性质、气候变迁与全球环境提供重要参数指标。把大气和地面作为一个整体系统来考虑,建立一种能同步反演大气温度廓线、大气水汽廓线、地表温度和地表发射率的反演方法,利用超光谱红外卫星资料(atmospheric infrared sounder, AIRS),针对我国新疆地区沙漠和雪地两种典型发射率地表同步反演大气温度廓线、水汽廓线、地表温度和地表发射率。反演方法首先线性化地球-大气系统红外辐射传输方程, 提出通过经验正交函数构建大气廓线和地表发射率光谱,有效减少反演变量数,建立同步物理反演模式,然后以美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)的预报结果(初始大气温度、水汽廓线以及地表参数)作为初始值,最后通过牛顿迭代得到最优化解。反演观测区域覆盖我国新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠和准噶尔盆地,分别选择位于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的塔中探测站(纬度38.98°, 经度83.64°)和准噶尔盆地的阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站(纬度44.2°, 经度87.9° )为反演地面验证点。反演结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠地表温度明显高于准噶尔盆地地表温度,与实际情况相一致;根据反演的8.6和13.4 μm处的地表发射率分布情况,可以看出在8.6 μm处沙漠地表发射率明显低于雪地发射率,在6～15 μm范围内,反演的沙漠地区(塔中站)地表发射率和雪地地区(阜康站)地表发射率与美国喷气推进实验室测量的沙漠发射率光谱和雪地发射率光谱相一致。研究表明,把大气和地面作为一个整体系统来考虑,把地表发射率加入到反演中,通过比较和分析沙漠地区(塔中)和雪地地区(阜康)的大气廓线反演结果与当地气象探空值和传统反演方法反演值,改进了大气温度廓线和水汽廓线反演精度,特别是边界层温度和水汽改进尤为明显;同时分析表明在发射率光谱变化较大的沙漠地区, 大气廓线反演精度的改进比雪地要高,这是由于地表发射率光谱在沙漠、戈壁地区变化较大,而雪地的发射率光谱变化不大。用该方法针对地表发射率光谱变化较大的地区(沙漠)同步反演大气廓线、地表温度和地表发射率,可以更有效的提高大气温度廓线、水汽廓线的反演精度。该研究结果可以为数值天气预报和我国未来超光谱红外卫星应用提供服务和有力支持, 具有十分重要的意义。     

基于高光谱数据和模型反演植被叶面积指数的进展

植被叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index , LAI)是陆面过程中影响陆-气交换的重要参数,也是表征植被冠层结构最基本的参量之一。准确而快速地获取LAI是植被-气候相互作用、植被生态和农作物估产研究不可缺少的工作。本文首先针对LAI和高光谱遥感进行概述,然后从不同平台高光谱传感器数据和不同反演方法两个角度总结了国内外近些年来高光谱遥感LAI的研究进展,最后分析了高光谱遥感反演LAI的未来发展方向。     

Line narrowing effect on the retrieval of HF and HCl vertical profiles from ground-based FTIR measurements

Collision-induced line narrowing, which has been discovered in the 1950s and investigated thoroughly in the laboratory since then, has yet never been taken into account in the spectroscopic remote sensing of the atmosphere. This work investigates the effect of collision-induced line narrowing onto the retrieval of HCl and HF vertical profiles from ground-based solar absorption FTIR measurements made at the NDSC station of the Jungfraujoch (46.5^°N, 8^°E and 3580 m above see level). The retrievals are performed with the Atmosphit software, recently developed at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. It is presented in this paper for the first time and is validated against the widely used SFIT2 software. The impact of the line narrowing onto the retrieval of HCl and HF vertical profiles is examined relying on careful information content and error budget analyses. We report that the effect is relatively weak for HCl but significant for HF. Confirmation of the need to take the line narrowing into account for the retrieval of vertical profiles from ground-based FTIR spectra is given by comparison with data from the HALOE space borne instrument, rather insensitive to this spectroscopic effect.     

A sensitivity study on spectroscopic parameter accuracies for a mm/sub-mm limb sounder instrument

The purpose of this paper is to perform a detailed error analysis for a mm/sub-mm limb sounding instrument with respect to spectroscopic parameters. This is done in order to give some insight into the most crucial spectroscopic parameters and to work out a list of recommendations for measurements that would yield the largest possible benefit for an accurate retrieval. The investigations cover a variety of spectroscopic line parameters, such as line intensity, line position, air and self broadening parameters and their temperature exponents, and pressure shift. The retrieval process is performed with the optimal estimation method (OEM). The OEM allows one to perform an assessment of the total statistical error, as well as of the model parameter error, such as the error coming from spectroscopic parameters. The instrument parameters assumed are those of the MASTER instrument studied by the European Space Agency, one of the candidate instruments for a future atmospheric chemistry mission. However, the same principle and method of analysis can be applied to any other millimeter/sub-millimeter limb sounding instrument, for instance the Japanese instrument JEM/SMILES, the Swedish instrument Odin, and the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder. We find that an uncertainty in the intensity of the strong lines give an error of similar magnitude on the retrieved species to which the lines belong. Uncertainties in the line position have overall a small impact on the retrieval, indicating that the line positions are known with sufficient accuracy. The air broadening parameters and their temperature exponents of a few strong lines dominate the error budget. On the other hand, the self broadening parameters and the pressure shifts are found to have a rather small impact on the retrieval.     

The opacity coefficient method—nongray determination of inhomogeneous atmospheric extinction

The computation of radiation transmittance in nongray, inhomogeneous atmospheric models is frequently complicated by complex bands of line spectra which range in value over many orders of magnitudes and depend strongly on either or both of pressure and temperature. We present here a new opacity sampling technique which is shown to determine correctly the wavelength-averaged extinction due to path-dependent realizations of banded line spectra. The technique is easy to implement computationally and is applicable to a wide variety of atmospheric problems in which frequent iteration of the radiative transfer model is required. We consider two such instances: modeling of solar flux attenuation for use in a time-dependent planetary ionosphere model and retrieval from nadir measurements of backscattered solar irradiance. The power of the new method lies in its straightforward analytical treatment of both atmospheric inhomogeneity and spectral complexity. It is thus relevant for both retrieval and radiative transfer modeling purposes.