Vitamin D: a concise synthesis of the C19 hydroxylated enyne A-ring, an interesting precursor for the preparation of C19 substituted vitamin D analogues

A new C₁₉ hydroxylated enyne 15, as potential A-ring building block of vitamin D analogues, was synthesized in enantiomerically pure form in nine steps from (−)-(S)-limonene. This short synthesis involved ozonolyzis of 1,2-limonene oxide followed by a Criegee rearrangement, epoxide trans diaxial ring opening by lithium acetylide, elimination, epoxidation and syn β-elimination of the resulting homopropargylic oxirane.     

瓯柑石油醚提取物的GC-MS分析

为了研究瓯柑的挥发性成分和脂溶性成分, 采用GC-MS分析法进行分离鉴定, 并用面积归一法确定各成分的质量分数. 从瓯柑果肉石油醚提取物中分离鉴定出11种成分, 占总提取物的97.43%, 其主要成分为(Z, Z)-9, 12-十八碳二烯酸(37.46%)、γ-谷甾醇(22.91%);从瓯柑皮石油醚提取物中分离鉴定出10种成分, 占总提取物的99.79%, 其主要成分为柠檬烯(86.39%).     

Palladium catalyzed oxidation of monoterpenes: NMR study of palladium(II)-monoterpene interactions

Reactions of the monoterpenes β-pinene, limonene and myrcene with Pd(II) complexes in acetic acid solutions were studied by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Various π-allyl palladium complexes were detected in situ and their interaction with CuCl₂ has been investigated. The results clarify the mechanism of allylic oxidation of these substrates mediated by Pd(II)/Cu(II)-based catalytic systems. Originally introduced to regenerate reduced palladium species, CuCl₂ has been shown to play an important role in the formation and/or decomposition of key reaction intermediates - π-allyl palladium complexes. β-Pinene and myrcene readily react with Pd(OAc)₂ giving corresponding π-allyls, with two complexes acyclic and cyclic being formed from myrcene. On the other hand, the formation of π-allyl complexes from limonene occurs at a significant rate only in the presence of CuCl₂. NMR observations, including selective paramagnetic enhancement of spin-lattice relaxation, indicate that π-allyl palladium intermediates specifically interact with Cu(II) ions in the reaction solutions. Such interaction probably involves Cu(II) bonding to Pd(II) via bridging ligands, and seems to be responsible for the accelerative effect of CuCl₂ in the palladium catalyzed oxidation of the monoterpenes. Indeed, most of these reactions do not occur at all in the absence of CuCl₂.     

Synthesis and characterization of copolymers of limonene with styrene initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile

The radical copolymerization of limonene with styrene by azobisisobutyronitrile in xylene at 80 ± 0.1 °C for 2 h, under inert atmosphere of N₂, yields alternating copolymers. The kinetic expression is R_p∝[I]^0.5[Sty]^1.0[Lim]^−1.0. The overall activation energy is calculated as 41 kJ/mol. The FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectra of copolymers show bands at 3000 and 1715 cm⁻¹ and peaks at 6.8 δ and 5.3 δ due to phenyl protons of styrene and trisubstituted olefinic protons of limonene, respectively. The values of reactivity ratios r₁(Sty)=0.0625 and r₂(Lim)=0.014, calculated by Kelen-Tüdos method. The Alfrey-Price Q-e parameters for limonene are 0.438 and −0.748, respectively. The penultimate unit effect is favoured in the present system and the value of φ is 38.49.     

Co-cross-linking of bio-based multi-functional epoxide and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether with 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole

A co-cross-linking reaction of bio-based multi-functional epoxides (1) derived from limonene oxide and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BPADE) in the presence of 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI) as a cross-linker afforded the corresponding network copolymers (2) having the 10% thermal decomposition temperature (T_d10) of 294.4?°C at maximum. Adhesive strength induced by 1, especially tetra-functional epoxide, and BPADE exhibited remarkably higher than that by BPADE alone.     

Fragrance encapsulation in polymeric matrices by emulsion electrospinning

We present the successful application of emulsion electrospinning for the encapsulation of a model for highly volatile fragrances, namely (R)-(+)-limonene in a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fibrous matrix. The influence of the emulsion formulation and of its colloidal properties on the fiber morphology, as well as on the limonene encapsulation efficiency, is described. The release profile of the fragrance from the electrospun nanofibers over a fifteen days range shows that this type of nanofibrous matrices with a high fragrance loading capacity is of great potential for applications in various fields, such as cosmetics or food packaging.     

衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱法测定橙子油中柠檬烯的含量

应用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱法测定橙子油中柠檬烯的含量。柠檬烯的特征峰(1 645.1±1)cm-1为定量测量峰,测定样品在15min内完成。柠檬烯的体积分数在9.60%~76.8%范围内与测量峰峰高呈线性关系。以橙子油样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在99.7%~101%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.1%。     

Quantitative Surface Chirality Detection with Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy: Twin Polarization Angle Approach

介绍了一种新的表面和频振动光谱方法: 定量手性检测中的双偏振角方法. 一般来讲表面光谱信号中非手性项贡献最强,而纯界面手性信号要比非手性信号弱两到三个数量级. 因此在和频振动光定量测量和分析界面手性的贡献问题上存在困难. 在和频振动光谱的双偏振角方法中,通过固定入射红外光偏振方向,并同时改变入射可见光和初涉和频信号光的偏振角进行测量. 这样所得到的偏振依赖的和频振动光谱信号能够直接给出界面手性贡献的特征,并 且能够用于准确测量界面的手性和非手性贡献. 对双偏振角方法进行了描述,并且通过S和R手性的柠檬烯空     

α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、苧烯阳离子聚合的研究

比较了萜烯单体α 蒎烯、β 蒎烯、烯的阳离子聚合性能，还考察了这三种单体的活性聚合可能性．在Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸ＡｌＣｌ３作用下，聚合速率大小顺序为：β 蒎烯＞烯＞α 蒎烯．α 蒎烯、烯的聚合产物分子量较低；β 蒎烯的聚合产物分子量较高．ＡｌＣｌ３与ＳｂＣｌ３复合后，α 蒎烯、烯的聚合速率增加，β 蒎烯的聚合速率反而下降．α 蒎烯的聚合速率增加幅度大于烯，使得前者聚合速率高于后者．与使用ＡｌＣｌ３相比，添加ＳｂＣｌ３后产物的分子量变化是：α 蒎烯变大，烯不变，β 蒎烯则变小．添加ＳｂＣｌ３对β 蒎烯、烯的聚合物结构无影响，而α 蒎烯聚合产物的结构则发生显著变化．活性较高的β 蒎烯在适当的引发体系，如苯乙烯 ＨＣｌ加成物／ＴｉＣｌ３（ＯｉＰｒ）作用下，可以实现活性聚合．α 蒎烯、烯则由于本身单体活性太小，难以实现活性聚合．     

A Simple Procedure for Preparing Annulated p-Benzoquinones. Improved Synthesis of 1,4-Dihydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene-5,8-dione

A simple and efficient two-step, one-pot synthesis of substituted 1,4-dihydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene-5,8-diones is reported. This synthesis, which utilizes readily available starting materials and inexpensive reagents, can be used to prepare 1a-1c in 70–90% overall yield. This procedure was extended successfully to prepare a more highly complex annulated p-benzoquinone i.e., 8.