浙江大学博士胡玉正答中珠协领导问

胡博士：今天先介绍脑的结构。脑主要由神经细胞构成（神经细胞如图一所示）。人脑神经细胞的数量很多,约有10的11次方个（参考：http：／／en．wikipedia．org／wiki／Human_brain）,这个数目和人的性别以及年龄有关。脑的大小和智商高低,据我所知,还没有相关关系。脑的英文叫“brain”,分为大脑和小脑等部分。从脑的左视图可以看到脑的表面有些沟沟回回比较明显的地方。     

理论物理所专题讲座(Colloquium)简况

 在理论所第十次专题讲座上,中科院生物所郭爱克研究员作了题为《脑--世界的选择性表征》的报告.     

Contrast Adaptation Decreases Complexity in Retinal Ganglion Cell Spike Train

The difference in temporal structures of retinal ganglion cell spike trains between spontaneous activity and firing activity after contrast adaptation is investigated. The Lempel-Ziv complexity analysis reveals that the complexity of the neural spike train decreases after contrast adaptation. This implies that the behaviour of the neuron becomes ordered, which may carry relevant information about the external stimulus. Thus, during the neuron activity after contrast adaptation, external information could be encoded in forms of some certain patterns in the temporal structure of spike train that is significantly different, compared to that of the spike train during spontaneous activity, although the firing rates in spontaneous activity and firing activity after contrast adaptation are sometime similar.     

基于微电极阵列的睡眠剥夺大鼠海马区神经电活动检测

Sleep deprivation (SD) is the partial or complete loss of sleep and has long been used as a tool in sleep research to interfere with normal sleep cycles in rodents and humans. The progressively-accumulating sleep pressure induced by sleep deprivation can lead to a variety of physiological changes and even death. Compared to traditional detection methods, in vivo detection of neuronal activity using micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) technology following sleep deprivation can help fully elucidate the effects of sleep deprivation at the cellular level. Herein, a computer-controlled rotary roller was used to completely deprive rats of sleep for 14 days and 16-channel microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were fabricated and implanted into the rat hippocampus to measure neural spikes and local field potentials (LFPs) in real-time. The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory and has been the focus of intensive research aimed at understanding the function of sleep. This study was performed to measure the changes in neuronal activity in the rat hippocampus induced by sleep deprivation as well as their overall impact on the brain. After sleep deprivation, both the pyramidal- and inter-neurons showed a higher amplitude and more intense firing patterns. The fast-firing pattern of the neurons after sleep deprivation indicated elevated excitability in the prolonged awake state. In addition, the LFP of the sleep deprived rats fluctuated more frequently. The power of the LFPs in the low-frequency band (0–50 Hz) was calculated, showing increased power of the delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands after sleep deprivation, especially for the delta band (0.1–4 Hz). Generally, LFPs are generated by all types of neural activity in the neural circuit, and the changes in the low frequency band power suggested decreased arousal and increased sleep pressure induced by sleep deprivation, which could further impair brain function. This study was mainly aimed at measuring electrophysiological changes induced by sleep deprivation in the rat brain. Typically, neuronal activity changes were accompanied by the alternation of specific neurotransmitters in the brain. In the future, it will be essential to focus on measuring the concurrent change of electrophysiological and neurochemical signals to better examine the impact of sleep deprivation on brain function.     

论珠心算开发智力的原理、时间及案例

学习珠心算是先学打算盘,然后用脑中的算珠图像进行计算,这样可促进形象思维的发展,而教会儿童左右手同时打算盘,又会促进大脑两半球的均衡发育,达到全脑开发的目的。一、珠心算开发智力的原理美国心理学家G·W·格雷先生曾说过:"人脑组织是由几十亿个神经细胞组成的,每个细胞又与其他细胞相联系。仅其中100万个神经细胞,如果按各种可能的方式成对地连结起来,可以达到102,733,000种组合,     

富勒烯衍生物对神经细胞的凋亡作用

机体代谢中产生的氧自由基可诱导生物细胞大分子发生破坏，导致细胞发生非程序性凋亡。特别是神经细胞，担负着接受且产生神经冲动从而支配全身活动的功能，而且有关研究已经表明一些神经退化及紊乱疾病与细胞产生氧自由基有关。富勒烯衍生物作为新型的具有高度吸收自由基活性的一种抗氧化剂，最有潜力用作神经细胞的保护剂。本文介绍了富勒烯衍生物作用的机理及近几年富勒烯衍生物阻断凋亡信号及阻止氧自由基对神经细胞破坏作用的研究进展。     

扫描电化学显微镜在生物医学领域的应用研究进展

研究病变细胞和组织的异常表现可为理解重大疾病发生发展的病理机理和新型药物筛选提供重要参考.扫描电化学显微镜(Scanning electrochemical microscopy,SECM)是一种基于电化学原理的扫描探针显微镜,通过记录探针在样品表面扫描时的电流或电位等信息,对活细胞的形态和多种化学信息进行原位、实时、精准表征.近10年来,SECM在重大疾病相关的细胞、细胞球和微组织层次的应用研究得到快速发展.本文从与疾病相关的SECM研究角度入手,分别从单细胞、细胞球和微组织层次小结SECM近10年来在生物医学领域的应用研究进展.首先介绍SECM的仪器组成、探针种类和工作模式,其次分别介绍SECM在神经细胞、心肌细胞和肿瘤细胞的应用进展,之后介绍SECM近期在细胞球和微组织的最新应用,最后提出并展望SECM技术在生物医学领域进一步应用所面临的挑战和发展方向.     

铅对神经的毒性及防治

概述了铅对发育中的神经系统、神经细胞分化、神经递质释放、神经系统的脂质过氧化、神经元的增殖及存活等方面的毒副作用,着重讨论了铅中毒的神经系统表现及防治措施。     

单个牛视网膜神经细胞内游离Ca2+动态变化的实时观测方法

为观测神经营养因子对胞内Ca2+浓度的影响,将牛视网膜神经细胞内的Ca2+用Fluo-3标记,用搭建的活细胞实时成像荧光显微系统对其成像,并观测在脑源性神经营养因子BDNF等四种神经营养因子的作用下细胞内游离Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]_i)随时间的变化的规律。由于荧光分子有自发衰减效应,故对得到的细胞内荧光强度采用“去衰减效应修正”的处理方法,再现了较真实地代表[Ca2+]_i的荧光强度。修正后的数据显示,加入四种神经因子后,[Ca2+]_i皆有不同程度的升高,与相关文献所描述的类似实验具有相似结果,说明此种对活细胞内荧光标记物的实时动态成像的实验方法可行,去衰减效应修正的数据处理方法可靠。     

低频电磁辐射与脑神经细胞微管的相互作用

研究了低频电磁辐射场与脑神经系统的相互作用规律及其机理。电磁辐射为非电离低频电磁场, 将脑神经细胞骨架微管（MT）中的两态物理系统进行量子化,用密度矩阵描述脑神经系统中信息位的状态, 建立并求解脑神经系统中信息位的动力学方程。 结果表明: 当非电离低频电磁辐射射向大脑时, 脑神经系统中信息位的密度矩阵非对角元在任意时刻都不为零, 能够保持较好的量子相干性, 脑神经系统的功能不会受到破坏。