A DFT study of DMC formation on Rh‐doped Cu/AC surfaces

The activity and selectivity of heterogeneous catalysts can be significantly improved by dispersion of another active component in the metal substrate. The impact of Rh promoter on the formation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) via oxidative carbonylation of methanol on Cu–Rh/AC (activated carbon) catalyst was investigated by density functional theory calculations. The most stable configurations of reacting species (CO, OH, CH₃O, monomethyl carbonate, and DMC) adsorbed on the Cu⁰(zero‐valent copper)/AC and Cu–Rh/AC surfaces were determined on the basis of the calculated results. The reaction energy and activation energy of the rate‐limiting steps on the Cu–Rh/AC and Cu⁰/AC surfaces were compared. The activation energies of the rate‐limiting step of CO insertion into dimethoxide are 206.3 and 304.8 kJ mol^?1 on the Cu–Rh/AC and Cu⁰/AC surfaces, respectively. The activation energies of the rate‐limiting step of CO insertion into methoxide are 78.5 and 92.7 kJ/mol on the Cu–Rh/AC and Cu⁰/AC surfaces, respectively. The calculated results indicate that the addition of Rh atom has a significant effect on decreasing the active energy the main pathway for DMC formation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Bifunctional Polyacrylonitrile Fiber‐Mediated Conversion of Sucrose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in Mixed‐Aqueous Systems

A highly efficient catalytic system composed of a bifunctional polyacrylonitrile fiber (PANF‐PA[BnBr]) and a metal chloride was employed to produce 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from sucrose in mixed‐aqueous systems. The promoter of PANF‐PA[BnBr] incorporates protonic acid groups that promote the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond to convert sucrose into glucose and fructose, and then catalyzes fructose dehydration to HMF, while the ammonium moiety may promote synergetically with the metal chloride the isomerization of glucose to fructose and transfer HMF from the aqueous to the organic phase. The detailed characterization by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM confirmed the rangeability of the fiber promoter during the modification and utilization processes. Excellent results in terms of high yield (72.8 %) of HMF, superior recyclability (6 cycles) of the process, and effective scale‐up and simple separation procedures of the catalytic system were obtained. Moreover, the prominent features (high strength, good flexibility, etc.) of the fibers are very attractive for fix‐bed reactor.     

Y修饰CuO/ZrO_2催化剂高效催化水煤气变换反应制氢

采用水热法制备了具有不同Y掺杂量的单分散ZrO_2纳米粒子(n(Y)/n(Y+Zr)=0-5%),并以其为载体采用沉积-沉淀法制得CuO/ZrO_2催化剂;考察了富氢气氛下上述催化剂的水煤气变换反应(WGS)催化性能。结果表明,掺杂Y后催化剂的活性明显提高,其中,载体掺杂2%Y的催化剂具有最佳的催化活性,在270℃时的CO转化率高达91.4%,明显高于研究较多的CuO/ZnO和CuO/CeO_2催化剂。X射线粉末衍射、N_2物理吸附-脱附、N_2O滴定、扫描电镜和CO程序升温还原等表征结果表明,Y~(3+)掺入了ZrO_2的晶格并对催化剂的结构和还原性能产生直接影响。Y助剂的引入一方面促进了CuO在ZrO_2表面的分散,提高了催化剂表面活性Cu-[O]-Zr物种的含量;另一方面,改善了催化剂的颗粒单分散性和织构性能。载体掺杂2%Y助剂的样品具有较高的Cu-[O]-Zr物种含量、较佳的颗粒单分散性和织构性能,且其表面的Cu-[O]-Zr物种和活性羟基具有较佳的还原性能,因而表现出较高的催化活性     

MoO3和Nb2O5助剂对Pt/ZrO2催化剂上短链烷烃燃烧反应的不同促进作用

贵金属Pt催化剂具有高活性和热稳定性,广泛应用于催化挥发性有机物的完全氧化反应(燃烧反应).短链烷烃(甲烷、乙烷、丙烷等)化学性质稳定,是最难氧化的一类有机物,常用作考察燃烧反应催化剂性能的模型反应物.然而,目前报道的研究工作通常仅限于针对某一种烷烃底物的催化燃烧,系统考察催化剂以及助剂对不同短链烷烃的催化燃烧活性鲜有报道.在短链烷烃中,甲烷只有C–H键;而其它烷烃除了C–H键;还有C–C键.因此,研究催化剂对甲烷、乙烷和丙烷燃烧反应催化性能的差异性,对于认识催化剂上C–H键和C–C键的活化具有非常重要的意义.本文制备了MoO3或Nb2O5修饰的Pt/ZrO2催化剂并用于短链烷烃的燃烧反应.研究发现,MoO3助剂对甲烷燃烧有明显的抑制作用,但对乙烷,丙烷和正己烷燃烧反应具有促进作用,促进作用随着烷烃碳链的增长逐渐增加;Nb2O5助剂对甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和正己烷燃烧反应均具有促进作用,然而促进作用随着碳链的增长而逐渐减弱.MoO3和Nb2O5助剂的不同促进作用与助剂影响催化剂表面酸性以及Pt物种的氧化或还原态有关.NH3-TPD结果表明,MoO3助剂可以显著增加Pt/ZrO2催化剂表面强酸位点数量,而Nb2O5助剂可以显著增加Pt/ZrO2催化剂表面中强酸位点数量.HTEM结果表明,两种助剂的添加都不会明显改变Pt物种的颗粒尺寸.在Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂上,MoO3覆盖部分Pt物种形成丰富的Pt-MoO3界面,促进了金属Pt物种和强表面酸性位点的生成,提高了丙烷燃烧反应活性;Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上载体表面的部分Nb2O5被Pt物种包覆,使得生成的表面Pt-Nb2O5界面低于Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂,但由于催化剂表面酸性位的提升,也促进了丙烷燃烧反应活性的提高.XPS结果表明,在甲烷燃烧反应中,Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上Ptn+物种能够更加稳定地存在,这可能是Nb2O5助剂提高Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上甲烷燃烧活性的关键.而Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂上Ptn+物种在甲烷反应中可以更容易地被还原,并且由于MoO3的包裹导致暴露的Pt位点数量降低,使催化剂催化甲烷燃烧的活性受到抑制.可见,MoO3助剂更有利于C–C键活化,而Nb2O5助剂更有利于高键能的C–H键活化.综上,本文系统性地研究MoO3助剂和Nb2O5助剂对Pt/ZrO2催化剂上不同短链烷烃的燃烧反应的影响,证实了两种助剂的促进作用与碳链长度的关系是截然不同的.     

G-Quadruplex Recognition by DARPIns through Epitope/Paratope Analogy**

We investigated the mechanisms leading to the specific recognition of Guanine Guadruplex (G4) by DARPins peptides, which can lead to the design of G4 s specific sensors. To this end we carried out all-atom molecular dynamic simulations to unravel the interactions between specific nucleic acids, including human-telomeric (h-telo), Bcl-2, and c-Myc, with different peptides, forming a DARPin/G4 complex. By comparing the sequences of DARPin with that of a peptide known for its high affinity for c-Myc, we show that the recognition cannot be ascribed to sequence similarity but, instead, depends on the complementarity between the three-dimensional arrangement of the molecular fragments involved: the α-helix/loops domain of DARPin and the G4 backbone. Our results reveal that DARPins tertiary structure presents a charged hollow region in which G4 can be hosted, thus the more complementary the structural shapes, the more stable the interaction.     

单原子Ge助剂修饰Cu(111)晶面上CO2加氢制甲醇的机理研究

针对CO₂热催化转化制甲醇过程中CO₂吸附、活化较困难及副产物较多的问题,提出采用单原子Ge助剂修饰Cu(111)晶面的解决思路,通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了CO₂在Ge-Cu(111)晶面上加氢合成甲醇的反应机理。结果表明,单原子Ge助剂的电子调控增加了与其相邻的 Cu 原子的电子云密度,使 CO₂分子在含 Ge 活性界面上的吸附能力显著增强:CO₂在 Ge-Cu(111)晶面上的吸附能约为Cu(111)晶面的1.5倍,约为Pd改性Cu(111)晶面的2.4倍,进而使逆水煤气变换(RWGS)反应路径速控步骤的活化能降低了近 20 kJ·mol^-1,同时衍生出 3条生成甲醇的 RWGS新路径;此外,Ge-Cu(111)晶面上甲酸盐路径由于速控步骤活化能大幅上升而被禁阻,进而CO及烃类等副产物选择性大幅降低,Ge-Cu(111)晶面上CO₂加氢制甲醇选择性升高。     

铁促进的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上高效气相合成3-甲基吲哚

以苯胺和生物质来源的丙三醇为反应原料,在铁促进的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上气相合成了3-甲基吲哚,采用X射线光电子能谱、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)以及热重(TG)分析等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,向Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂加入铁助剂不仅能明显提高催化剂的活性和选择性,而且能大大改善催化剂的稳定性.在Cu-Fe/ SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上,反应3h,3-甲基吲哚收率能够达到48％,而且催化剂经过再生可以重复使用,即使反应43 h,其产物收率也没有明显的降低.各种表征表明,向Cu/SiO2-Al2O3加入铁助剂能增强铜和载体之间的相互作用,由此大大提高了铜粒子在载体表面的分散度,并且有效减少了反应过程中铜组分的流失;此外,铁助剂还能显著减少催化剂的中强酸中心数,增加弱酸中心数,从而提高3-甲基吲哚的选择性,并且抑制了积炭的形成.     

丙烯直接环氧化Cu基催化剂的研究进展与挑战

作为一种重要的化工原料,环氧丙烷年产量近千万吨,然而目前工业上制备环氧丙烷的方法仍然面临着成本高、副产物多以及污染严重等问题。直接氧气氧化法进行丙烯环氧化因为具有原子经济、环保等优点受到了越来越多的关注。但是,催化过程中丙烯的α-H和环氧丙烷都具有很高的活性,使得在高转化率的条件下提升环氧丙烷选择性成为一个巨大的挑战。研究者们发现相较于其他币族金属,Cu基催化剂表现出更优异的丙烯直接环氧化反应性能。本综述总结梳理了近年来关于Cu基催化剂催化丙烯直接环氧化反应的研究成果,聚焦于Cu基催化剂改性方法,并对Cu基催化剂依然存在的问题和挑战进行深入探讨。     

含镍WP/MCM-41催化剂二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能

以MCM-41为载体,以镍（Ni）为助剂,制备了Ni含量不同的WP/MCM-41催化剂。采用XRD、BET、SEM和XPS对催化剂进行了表征;以二苯并噻吩（DBT）为模型化合物,通过高压微反装置考察催化剂的加氢脱硫（HDS）活性。结果表明,Ni的加入促进了活性组分WP的生长并使其晶相尺寸略有增加,一定含量的Ni有利于提高催化剂的比表面积。Ni对WP/MCM-41催化剂二苯并噻吩HDS反应具有促进作用。少量Ni的加入有利于WP活性相的生成并增加了活性位的数量;加入过量的Ni,在催化剂中形成了具有一定活性的类似Ni-W-P结构的物种,减少了活性组分WP所占的比例,从而使催化剂DBT的 HDS活性降低。其中,Ni的质量分数为1%的催化剂（cat-Ni-1）具有相对较高活性,其DBT 脱硫率和转化率分别为76.78%和72.16%,比不加Ni的催化剂分别提高了30.04%和21.62%。二苯并噻吩在WP/MCM-41催化剂上以加氢脱硫途径为主,Ni的加入对提高加氢脱硫途径选择性起到了促进作用,且加氢脱硫选择性随Ni含量的增加而提高。