A MODEL OF TROPICAL MARINE RESERVE‐FISHERY LINKAGES

ABSTRACT. The excessive and unsustainable exploitation of our marine resources has led to the promotion of marine reserves as a fisheries management tool. Marine reserves, areas in which fishing is restricted or prohibited, can offer opportunities for the recovery of exploited stock and fishery enhancement. In this paper we examine the contribution of fully protected tropical marine reserves to fishery enhancement by modeling marine reserve‐fishery linkages. The consequences of reserve establishment on the long‐run equilibrium fish biomass and fishery catch levels are evaluated. In contrast to earlier models this study highlights the roles of both adult (and juvenile) fish migration and larval dispersal between the reserve and fishing grounds by employing a spawner‐recruit model. Uniform larval dispersal, uniform larval retention and complete larval retention combined with zero, moderate and high fish migration scenarios are analyzed in turn. The numerical simulations are based on Mombasa Marine National Park, Kenya, a fully protected coral reef marine reserve comprising approximately 30% of former fishing grounds. Simulation results suggest that the establishment of a fully protected marine reserve will always lead to an increase in total fish biomass. If the fishery is moderately to heavily exploited, total fishery catch will be greater with the reserve in all scenarios of fish and larval movement. If the fishery faces low levels of exploitation, catches can be optimized without a reserve but with controlled fishing effort. With high fish migration from the reserve, catches are optimized with the reserve. The optimal area of the marine reserve depends on the exploitation rate in the neighboring fishing grounds. For example, if exploitation is maintained at 40%, the ‘optimal’ reserve size would be 10%. If the rate increases to 50%, then the reserve needs to be 30% of the management area in order to maximize catches. However, even in lower exploitation fisheries (below 40%), a small reserve (up to 20%) provides significantly higher gains in fish biomass than losses in catch. Marine reserves are a valuable fisheries management tool. To achieve maximum fishery benefits they should be complemented by fishing effort controls.     

软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中次生代谢产物的结构鉴定

细胞毒性;软珊瑚Sinularia sp.中次生代谢产物的结构鉴定     

鹿角短指软珊瑚Sinularia Cervicornis Tix-Dur 中的一个新糖甙-Cervicoside

珊瑚属腔肠动物门 ( Clelenterata) ,海鸡冠目 ( Alcyonacea) ,是一种热带与亚热带海洋中广泛分布Scheme 1　 Structure of cervicoside(1 )的低等海洋生物 .软珊瑚的次生代谢物中含有萜类和甾体类等各类生理活性物质[1～ 5] .我们在对鹿角短指软珊瑚的次生代谢产物研究中 ,分离到一个新三糖甙 ,命名为 Cervicoside( 1 ) ,结构见 Scheme 1 .该化合物具有较强的体外抗癌活性 .1　实验部分1 .1　样品　鹿角短指软珊瑚采自海南岛三亚海域 .样品储藏于中山大学化学与化学工程学院天然有机化学研究室 ,编号为 98- SY- 3.种属由中国科学院南海…     

Nanjiols D and E, Two New Uncommon Steroids from the Chinese Soft Coral Nephthea bayeri

Marine organisms have been found to be a storehouse of steroids, particularly in term ofunique side-chain structures and unusual functionalization. Marine steroids are oftenfound in highly oxygenated forms and possessing various biological activities1.Previously, we reported the isolation and structural elucidation of three new marinesteroids, nanjiols A-C, which showed cytotoxicity against HL-60 and BEL 7402 celllines, from a soft coral Nephthea bayeri in East China Sea2. In continuation …     

Anthropogenic and solar forcing in δ13C time pattern of coralline sponges

We present the results of a re-analysis of a previously published carbon isotope data-set related to coralline sponges in the Caribbean Sea. The original interpretation led to the discrimination between a pre-industrial period, with a signal controlled by solar-induced climatic variations, followed by the industrial era, characterized by a progressive δ¹³C negative shift due to the massive anthropogenic carbon emissions. Our re-analysis allowed to extract from the raw isotopic data evidence of a solar forcing still visible during the industrial era, with a particular reference to the 88-year Gleissberg periods. These signals are related to slope changes in both the δ¹³C versus time and the δ¹³C versus carbon emission curves.     

15-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A,new diterpenoid from a bornean soft coral,Xenia sp.

A new xenicane diterpenoid, 15-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A (1) along with four known compounds 9-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A (2), isoxeniolide-A (3), xeniolide-A (4) and coraxeniolide-B (5) were isolated from the Bornean soft coral Xenia sp. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis, NMR and HRESIMS. Compound 5 showed cytotoxic activity against ATL cell line, S1T.     

Novel cytotoxic nine-membered macrocyclic polysulfur cembranoid lactones from the soft coral Sinularia sp.

One novel nine-membered macrocyclic polysulfur cembranoid lactone, sinulariaoid A (1); three new multioxygenated cembranoids, sinulariaoid B (2), sinulariaoid C (3), sinulariaoid D (4); and four known cembranoids, capilloloid (5), dihydrosinularin (6), sinularin (7), and dihydrosinuflexolide (8) were isolated from the soft coral Sinularia sp. collected off of Sanya Bay in the South China Sea. Their stereochemical structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods, including single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Sinulariaoid A (1) is the first reported nine-membered macrocyclic polysulfur cembranoid from soft coral. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–8 were determined in four human cancer cell lines (HepG2, HepG2/ADM, MCF-7, and MCF-7/ADM). Of these, sinulariaoid A (1) exhibited the most potent anticancer activity in vitro, and its cytotoxicity in HepG2/ADM was more potent than in the other three cell lines. Furthermore, it was found that sinulariaoid A (1) induced apoptosis, and its selective toxicity toward HepG2/ADM cells was not related to P-glycoproteins.     

A New Ceramide from the Soft Coral Cladiella humesi Verseveldt

Ceramides are increasingly becoming important compounds because of their markedbiological activity. The 2000 International Gordon Research Conference on "Glycolipidand Sphingolipid Biology" will be held in May in italy. It has been recently found thatceramides inhibit Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP)'. Elevation in CETP leadsto atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases2. A literature survey showed that ceramideswere antifungal', and some of these showed antimicrobial and cytotox…     

Fragilolides A-Q,norditerpenoid and briarane diterpenoids from the gorgonian coral Junceella fragilis

Chemical investigation of the gorgonian coral Junceella fragilis resulted in the isolation of a new norditerpenoid fragilolide A (1), sixteen new briarane diterpenoids fragilolides B-Q (2–17), together with frajunolides H and N, and three known norcembranoids scabrolide D, sinuleptolide and 5-epi-sinuleptolide. The structures of new compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including the experimental and calculated ECD data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction for the configurational assignments. The structure of fragilolide A featured an unprecedented 4,13- and 7,11-fused tetracyclic norcembranoid, while the biogenetic relationships of the briarane analogues were postulated. Frajunolide H exerted significant inhibition against a panel of tumor cell lines, and six briarane diterpenoids (3, 6, 8, 12, 16, and frajunolide N) exhibited the inhibitory effects against the HBeAg express of hepatitis B virus in HepAD38 cells. In addition, sinuleptolide and 5-epi-sinuleptolide exerted the effects to inhibit NO production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, in addition to the activation of ARE and the inhibition of NF-κB expression.     

Sinularia属珊瑚中嘧啶类化合物的分离与鉴定

分离和鉴定了采自中国南海硇州岛软珊瑚Sinularia Bassica样本中新的嘧啶类化合物。样本用工业酒精提取,提取物溶液经乙酸乙酯萃取后,萃取物经硅胶柱层析,以极性不断增大的溶剂体系(石油醚-乙酸乙酯、氯仿-甲醇)梯度洗脱,再经过HPLC分离,得到2,4(1H,3H)-嘧啶二酮、5-甲基-2,4(1H,3H)-嘧啶二酮、1,3-二甲基-2,4(1H,3H)-嘧啶二酮和5-甲氧基-1,3-二甲基-2,4(1H,3H)-嘧啶二酮4种新的嘧啶类化合物,其结构通过红外光谱、1HNMR和13C NMR等光谱数据分析确定。