An overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of antibiotics in environmental waters

The widespread occurrence of antibiotics as contaminants in the aquatic environment has increased attention in the last years. The concern over the release of antibiotics into the environment is related primarily to the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms. This article presents an overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of quinolone (Qs) and fluoroquinolone (FQs), macrolide (MLs), tetracycline (TCs), sulfonamide (SAs) antibiotics and trimethoprim (TMP) in different environmental waters. The analysis of these antibiotics has usually been carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and to a lesser extent by ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection (FD). A very important step before LC analysis is sample preparation and extraction leading to elimination of interferences and prevention of matrix effect and preconcentration of target analytes.     

基于离子液体的分散液液微萃取-柱前荧光衍生高效液相色谱法测定水样中8种磺胺类药物

建立了一种基于离子液体的分散液液微萃取技术结合柱前荧光衍生高效液相色谱(IL-DLLME-HPLC-FL)对8种磺胺类药物进行检测的方法,并成功应用于实际环境水样的分析。实验考察了萃取参数对磺胺萃取效率的影响及衍生产物的稳定性。最佳实验条件:以40 μL [C₆MIM]PF₆]为萃取剂,0.1 mL丙酮为分散剂,对pH=4且不含NaCl的水溶液进行不超声的分散液液微萃取,并衍生化反应6 h。结果表明:在最佳实验条件下,该法在0.2~10 μg/L和10~500 μg/L两个浓度范围内线性良好,线性相关系数r ≥0.9989;检出限为0.08~0.5 μg/L (S/N=3)。对实验室自来水、湖水、珠江水、池塘水分别加标5、50、200 μg/L的回收率为87.2%~101.4%,相对标准偏差为3.7%~6.2%。该法环保、简便,可用于测定实际水样中磺胺类药物。     

多壁碳纳米管固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱法测定猪肉和鸡肉中的磺胺多残留

建立了多壁碳纳米管为吸附剂的固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱-紫外检测测定猪肉和鸡肉中多种磺胺类药物多残留的方法。样品采用乙腈提取,多壁碳纳米管固相萃取净化,NaH₂PO₄缓冲溶液（pH 5.5~6.0）溶解上样,5%（v/v）丙酮-正己烷淋洗,丙酮-二氯甲烷（1：1,v/v）洗脱。色谱分离以50 mmol/L NaH₂PO₄-乙腈（7：3,v/v）为流动相,方法的线性范围为0.01~1.00 mg/L,线性相关系数大于0.998,检出限（LOD）为0.003 mg/L,定量限（LOQ）为0.01 mg/L。在0.02~0.2 mg/kg添加范围内,9种磺胺类药物的回收率高于70%,RSD低于8%,表明多壁碳纳米管对磺胺类药物具有较强的吸附富集能力。该方法简便、准确可用于动物组织及产品中磺胺药物残留的检测。     

高效液相色谱-柱后衍生法检测养殖水体及沉积物中11种磺胺药物残留

建立了养殖水体及沉积物中11种磺胺化合物的高效液相色谱-柱后衍生分析方法。养殖水体过滤后采用HLB固相萃取柱进行净化、富集;沉积物采用甲醇/EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲液(1:1, v/v)提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化富集。经高效液相色谱分离,用荧光胺衍生试剂进行柱后衍生,荧光检测器检测。对柱后衍生系统参数进行了优化,确定了荧光胺溶液的浓度、流速和反应温度分别为0.2 g/L、0.15 mL/min和50 ℃,磺胺化合物在0.01~1.0 mg/L范围内线性显著,其相关系数r²值大于0.99995。11种磺胺类药物在养殖水体和沉积物中的加标回收率分别为79.3%~100.7%和74.6%~95.3%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~11.0%和2.6%~10.3%,检出限(LOD, S/N=3)为0.9~5.5 ng/L和0.3~1.3 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ, S/N=10)为3.0~18.1 ng/L和1.0~4.4 μg/kg。该法可应用于养殖环境中磺胺类药物的定性定量检测,具有较好的实用性。     

超高压液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法对牛奶中24种磺胺类药物残留的检测

利用超高压液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）联用技术,建立了一种能在10 min内快速分离和测定牛奶中24种磺胺类药物残留的方法。样品经匀浆、超声、乙腈重复提取、氮吹浓缩,流动相溶解,饱和正己烷脱脂。采用ACQUITY UPLCTMBEHC18柱（100 mm×2.1 mm i.d.,1.7μm）,以乙腈-0.2%乙酸水溶液（体积比1∶9）为流动相,梯度洗脱,目标分析物使用超高压液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱进行测定;以保留时间和离子对进行定性和定量,在ESI（＋）和MRM监测模式下进行样品分析。该方法检出限（LOD）为0.04～1.35μg/kg;在1～200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,回收率为61%～117%,相对标准偏差为2.92%～18.98%。该法样品前处理简单、分析速度快、回收率和灵敏度高、检出限低,可以满足各国对牛奶中24种磺胺类药物的检测要求。     

聚(甲基丙烯酸-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)搅拌棒吸附萃取与液相色谱-质谱联用检测牛奶中的磺胺类药物

将聚(甲基丙烯酸-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯) (poly(MAA-co-EDMA))聚合物原位聚合于玻璃内插管外表面上,得到一种多孔聚合物涂层;将其作为搅拌棒吸附萃取的萃取介质,考察了其对磺胺类药物的萃取性能;最后将其与高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS)联用,建立了一种牛奶中4种磺胺类药物的检测方法。在最佳条件下,牛奶中4种磺胺类药物的检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为0.11～0.52 μg/L和0.35～1.72 μg/L。在1～500 μg/L的范围内峰面积与质量浓度具有良好的线性关系,日内、日间测定的相对标准偏差不高于11.3%。结果表明,该方法简便、灵敏度高且成本低,适合于牛奶中磺胺类药物的检测。     

Recent advances in sample preparation techniques and methods of sulfonamides detection – A review

Sulfonamides (SAs) have been the most widely used antimicrobial drugs for more than 70 years, and their residues in foodstuffs and environmental samples pose serious health hazards. For this reason, sensitive and specific methods for the quantification of these compounds in numerous matrices have been developed. This review intends to provide an updated overview of the recent trends over the past five years in sample preparation techniques and methods for detecting SAs. Examples of the sample preparation techniques, including liquid–liquid and solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, are given. Different methods of detecting the SAs present in food and feed and in environmental, pharmaceutical and biological samples are discussed.     

UPLC法检测渔用饲料中八种磺胺类药物残留的研究

本文通过对多组样品的试验测定,建立了一种渔用饲料中8种常用磺胺(磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺噻唑、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺多辛、磺胺异噁唑和磺胺喹噁啉)的超高效液相色谱检测法。具体是:样品经2%乙酸浸润,4℃预冷的乙腈提取,碱性氧化铝柱净化,用Symmetry-C18色谱柱(5μm,4.6×150mm),2%乙酸-甲醇梯度洗脱,紫外检测,检测波长270nm。结果表明,8种磺胺的定量底限为2mg/kg,在0.5~20μg/m L内,线性关系良好,R20.99。添加水平10mg/kg时,8种磺胺类药物的平均回收率范围为70%~100%,RSD15。该方法回收率高,简单,准确可靠,可用于渔用饲料中磺胺类药物残留的监测。     

A green method using micellar system for determination of sulfonamides in soil

A green and simple method was developed for determination of sulfonamides (SAs) in soil samples. The procedure was based on the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of SAs from soil using non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 as the extraction medium. Then sodium chloride was added into the MAE extract and the mixture was equilibrated for some time at high temperature. The analytes in the surfactant-rich phase were concentrated with the help of centrifugation and directly analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. None of potentially hazardous organic solvents was used in the whole sample preparation procedure. The significant variables for the performance of extraction and concentration were studied. The limits of detection of SAs obtained are in the range of 3.2-5.7 ng g⁻¹. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day tests ranging from 3.5% to 7.7% and from 4.6% to 9.5% are obtained, respectively. This method was applied to the determination of SAs in some soil samples with different characteristics. The SAs recoveries obtained at fortified level of 100 ng g⁻¹ for these samples are in the range of 81.2-93.7%. The effect of ageing time of spiked soil samples on the SAs recoveries was examined by the proposed method and a method reported in the literature. The recoveries of SAs decreased when the ageing time changed from 1 day to 4 weeks.     

磁性反相限进材料的制备及其应用

以磁性二氧化硅（Fe₂O₃@SiO₂）为基质,利用表面原子转移自由基聚合技术（SI-ATRP）,在改性后的Fe₂O₃@SiO₂内表面接枝甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯（SMA）、外表面接枝甲基丙烯酸缩甘油酯（GMA）,酸解后得到磁性反相限进材料Fe₂O₃@SiO₂-SMA-GMMA,并通过扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、振动样品磁强计（VSM）和元素分析对其进行表征。研究表明,Fe₂O₃@SiO₂-SMA-GMMA对牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的排阻能力为90.4%;对磺胺异恶唑（SIZ）、磺胺二甲氧基嘧啶（SDM）、甲氧苄啶（TMP）和磺胺甲基嘧啶（SMR）的最大吸附量分别为2.76、2.24、1.51和1.34 mg/g。Fe₂O₃@SiO₂-SMA-GMMA应用于牛奶和牛血清样品中SIZ、SMR和SDM的分离富集,SIZ、SMR和SDM的加标回收率为88.7%~90.8%,相对标准偏差为3.3%~5.3%。磁性反相限进材料可简化生物基质样品的前处理过程,对血液样品或食品样品等领域的分析检测具有重要价值。