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P. L. Patterson 《Chromatographia》1993,36(1):225-233
Summary The selectivities of two flame-based ionization detectors identified as a Remote FID (RFID) and a Flame Thermionic Ionization Detector (FTID) have been improved by introducing methane as a fuel for the flame. Both the RFID and FTID feature a detector struture in which the ionization polarizer and collector are located several centimeters downstream of an oxygen-rich flame, rather than immediately adjacent to the flame as in a flame ionization detector. The RFID detects long-lived negative ions produced in the flame by the combustion of lead, tin, phosphorus, or silicon compounds. The FTID re-ionizes and detects neutral electronegative products generated by combustion of nitrogen, halogen, or phosphorus compounds. An organic-fuelled RFID can detect 1 pg Pb (Sn, P)/sec with a selectivity of the order of 106 versus hydrocarbons. An organic fuelled FTID is applicable to detection of compounds at nanogram and higher levels. FTID selectivity for PCB compounds in a transformer oil matrix is of the order of 1051. The improved selectivity achieved by using an organic-fuelled flame is also applicable to the detection of phospholipid and other non-volatile N, P, or Cl compounds using an FID/FTID detector accessory for a TLC/FID analyser. 相似文献
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S. S. Krishnan J. M. Abshire P. B. Sunderland Z.-G. Yuan J. P. Gore 《Combustion Theory and Modelling》2013,17(4):605-620
Flame shape is an important observed characteristic of flames that can be used to scale flame properties such as heat release rates and radiation. Flame shape is affected by fuel type, oxygen levels in the oxidiser, inverse burning and gravity. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of high oxygen concentrations, inverse burning, and gravity on the predictions of flame shapes. Flame shapes are obtained from recent analytical models and compared with experimental data for a number of inverse and normal ethane flame configurations with varying oxygen concentrations in the oxidiser and under earth gravity and microgravity conditions. The Roper flame shape model was extended to predict the complete flame shapes of laminar gas jet normal and inverse diffusion flames on round burners. The Spalding model was extended to inverse diffusion flames. The results show that the extended Roper model results in reasonable predictions for all microgravity and earth gravity flames except for enhanced oxygen normal diffusion flames under earth gravity conditions. The results also show trends towards cooler flames in microgravity that are in line with past experimental observations. Some key characteristics of the predicted flame shapes and parameters needed to describe the flame shape using the extended Roper model are discussed. 相似文献
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N.W. Chakroun S.J. Shanbhogue Y. Dagan A.F. Ghoniem 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2019,37(4):4579-4586
Two key flame macrostructures in swirling flows have been observed in experiments of oxy-combustion (as well as air-combustion); as the equivalence ratio is raised, the flame moves from being stabilized on just the inner shear layer (Flame III) to getting stabilized on both the inner and outer shear layers (Flame IV). We report results of an LES investigation of two different inlet oxy-fuel mixtures, in a turbulent swirling flow at that capture these two macrostructures. Previous work on the effects of heat loss have mostly focused on its impact on macro-scale observations. In this paper, we examine how heat loss impacts the flame microstructures as well for these two macrostructures. For both flames, the flamelet structure, as represented by a scatter plot of the normalized fuel concentration against the normalized temperature, depends on whether the combustor walls are adiabatic or non-adiabatic. For the adiabatic case, the flamelets of both macrostructures behave like strained flames. When wall heat transfer is included, Flame III microstructure is more bimodal. Since this flame extends farther downstream and part of it propagates along the walls, heat transfer has a greater impact on it’s microstructure. These results show that heat loss impacts not just the macro properties of the flame such as its shape or interactions with the wall, but also fundamentally changes its internal structure. Scatter plots of the turbulent flames are constructed and compared to different 1D laminar flame profiles (e.g., strained or with heat loss), and comparisons suggest the important role of the wall thermal boundary conditions in the accurate simulations of combustion dynamics and interpretations of experimental data, including data reduction and scaling. 相似文献
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选择绕圆柱预混燃烧算例,验证CH4/空气三种简化动力学机理(16s41r、15s19r和53s325r).考虑均匀来流,忽略湍流和湍流与燃烧相互作用以及燃料扩散效应,假设层流有限反应速率,采用保自由流5阶WENO格式求解多组分Euler方程组,得到CH4/空气预混燃烧流场温度等值线、沿驻点线压力和温度及其CH4、CO和CO2质量百分数分布.结果表明:三种简化动力学机理给出的流场均出现弓形激波和火焰面,弓形激波和火焰驻点距离及其形状、诱导区宽度和简化动力学机理相关.当圆柱直径增大,弓形激波和火焰向圆柱上游移动,对应的驻点距离均增大,诱导区宽度变短,点火延时变小,但火焰和弓形激波位置次序未变化.53s325r模型要比16s41r模型和15s19r模型精度要高,点火延时覆盖的压力和温度范围也较宽,所有简化机理均未完全反应,在较大圆柱直径下游达到化学平衡. 相似文献
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In this paper we consider an ignition-temperature zero-order reaction model of thermo-diffusive combustion. This model describes the dynamics of thick flames, which have recently received considerable attention in the physical and engineering literature. The model admits a unique (up to translations) planar travelling wave solution. This travelling wave solution is quite different from those usually studied in combustion theory. The main qualitative feature of this travelling wave is that it has two interfaces: the ignition interface where the ignition temperature is attained and the trailing interface where the concentration of deficient reactants reaches zero. We give a new mathematical framework for studying the cellular instability of such travelling front solutions. Our approach allows the analysis of a free boundary problem to be converted into the analysis of a boundary value problem having a fully nonlinear system of parabolic equations. The latter is very suitable for both mathematical and numerical analysis. We prove the existence of a critical Lewis number such that the travelling wave solution is stable for values of Lewis number below the critical one and is unstable for Lewis numbers that exceed this critical value. Finally, we discuss the results of numerical simulations of a fully nonlinear system that describes the perturbation dynamics of planar fronts. These simulations reveal, in particular, some very interesting ‘two-cell’ steady patterns of curved combustion fronts. 相似文献
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