On the analysis of a dynamic evolutionary algorithm

Evolutionary algorithms are applied as problem-independent optimization algorithms. They are quite efficient in many situations. However, it is difficult to analyze even the behavior of simple variants of evolutionary algorithms like the (1+1) EA on rather simple functions. Nevertheless, only the analysis of the expected run time and the success probability within a given number of steps can guide the choice of the free parameters of the algorithms. Here static (1+1) EAs with a fixed mutation probability are compared with dynamic (1+1) EAs with a simple schedule for the variation of the mutation probability. The dynamic variant is first analyzed for functions typically chosen as example-functions for evolutionary algorithms. Afterwards, it is shown that it can be essential to choose the suitable variant of the (1+1) EA. More precisely, functions are presented where each static (1+1) EA has exponential expected run time while the dynamic variant has polynomial expected run time. For other functions it is shown that the dynamic (1+1) EA has exponential expected run time while a static (1+1) EA with a good choice of the mutation probability has polynomial run time with overwhelming probability.     

A computer orientated calculation method of the Nernst-Einstein relation in the presence of an electric field

Manning's method of calculating the ratio of mobility and diffusion coefficient in ionic conductors, sensitive to the type of particle jumps, is analytic. This paper presents a computer orientated treatment in terms of an averaging procedure recently proposed.     

Spectroscopic Studies of Cyclometallated Pd(II) and Pt(II) Complexes: Optical absorption and emission of single crystals of [Pd(thpy)2] and [Pt(thpy)2]

The polarized optical absorption and emission (spectra, decay times) of single crystals of [Pd(thpy)₂] and [Pt(thpy)₂] (thpy ≡ C(3′)-deprotonated form of 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine) at temperatures 1.9 K ? T ? 80 K are reported. The emission of [Pt(thpy)₂] can be influenced strongly by applied magnetic fields (0 ? H ? 6 T). Depending on the central ions Pd and Pt, the lowest excited electronic states of the single complexes are ligand-centered (LC) states and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states, respectively. This difference leads to distinctly dissimilar properties of the emission of both compounds. The experimental data show that the emission of single crystals of [Pd(thpy)₂] and [Pt(thpy)₂] at T ? 30 K originates from several types of traps (defect states of symmetry ³B₂?stabilized below the exciton band) with LC and MLCT character, respectively. In the Pt compound, the ³B₂ is split by spin-orbit coupling into three states. The states B and A, which determine the emission properties, are separated by Δv ～ 13 cm^?1. Both states can mix under the influence of an applied magnetic field yielding an increase of the emission intensity by a factor of ～ 1.5 at H = 6 T.     

Chloride-catalyzed oxidation of phenol in pulsed-laser irradiation titanium dioxide sols

The kinetics of photolysis of phenol in presence of two kinds of TiO₂ colloid in acid aqueous solution medium was studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. The absorbance and quantum yield of the phenoxyl radicals is strongly influenced by the chloride ions. The process of laser flash photolysis of phenol in the presence of chloride has been discussed.     

LCAO-MO-SCF-CI semi-empirical π-electron calculations on heteroaromatic systems

The electronic spectra and structure for phenol, the three dihydroxybenzene isomers, and - and -naphthol have been calculated using a modification of the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Core integrals are defined to be essentially independent of geometry and orthogonalized atomic orbitals are used. The electronic transitions considered involve singlet-singlet and triplet-triplet ^* excitations. A limited configuration interaction has been included, involving either single electron excitations or both single and double electron excitations between the two highest occupied and the two lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals. Agreement between calculated and experimental values is good, and calculated values for oscillator strengths are considerably improved when double electron excitations are admitted.

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Zusammenfassung Die Elektronenspektren und Struktur von Phenol, den drei Isomeren des Dihydroxybenzols und - und -Naphthol wurden mit einer Modifikation der PPP-Methode berechnet. Die Rumpfintegrale werden so definiert, daß sie im wesentlichen unabhängig von der Geometrie sind; es werden orthogonalisierte Atomorbitale benutzt. Die betrachteten Elektronenübergänge enthalten Singulett-Singulett- und Triplett-Triplett- ^*-Übergänge. Es wurde eine begrenzte Konfigurationswechselwirkung eingeschlossen, die nur Einelektronen- oder Ein- und Zweielektronenanregung zwischen den beiden höchsten besetzten und den beiden niedrigsten unbesetzten MO's enthält. Es besteht gute Übereinstimmung von berechneten und experimentellen Daten. Die berechneten Werte für Oszillatorenstärken werden erheblich verbessert, wenn man Zweielektronenanregung einbezieht.

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Résumé Les spectres électroniques et les structures du phénol, des trois dihydroxybenzènes isomères, de l' et du naphtol ont été calculé pour une variante de la méthode de Pariser-Parr-Pople. Les intégrales de coeur sont définies de manière à être indépendantes de la géométrie et des orbitales atomiques orthogonalisées sont employées. On considère les transitions électroniques ^* singulet-singulet et triplet-triplet. Une interaction de configuration limitée a été effectuée en considérant soit des minoexcitations soit des mono et des diexcitations de la plus haute orbitale occupée aux deux orbitales libres les plus basses. L'accord entre les valeurs calculées et les valeurs expérimentales est bon, et les valeurs calculées des forces oscillatrices sont considérablement améliorées lorsque l'on tient compte des états diexcités.

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This investigation was supported by a National Science Foundation grant, No. GB-4065. Abstracted in part from the Ph. D. thesis of G. W. Pukanic, Duquesne University, 1967.     

R?ntgenspektrometrische Bestimmung von Eisen-55 in Luftstaub- und Niederschlagsproben

Zusammenfassung Eisen-55 wurde in Neuherberg bei München seit März 1970 in monatlich gesammelten Luftstaubproben und seit Januar 1971 in Monatsniederschlagsproben bestimmt. Nach dem Veraschen der Proben wurde Eisen durch Extraktion' mit Di-iso-propyläther abgetrennt. Zur weiteren Entfernung störender Radionuklide des Fallouts wurde eine Ionenaustauschertrennung angeschlossen. Nach der elektrolytischen Abscheidung des Eisens auf Kupferplättchen wurden die Röntgenspektren mit einem Proportionalzähler sowie einem Si(Li)-Detektor aufgenommen.Die mittlere spezifische Luftaktivität betrug in Neuherberg 1,0 fCi/m³ im Jahr 1970 (ab März), 1,2 fCi/m³ im Jahr 1971 und 0,36 fCi/m³ im Jahr 1972. Die dem Boden durch den Niederschlag zugeführte Aktivität wurde zu 697 pCi/m² · Jahr für 1971 und 178 pCi/m² · Jahr für 1972 bestimmt.Vortrag anläßlich der Tagung Spurenanalyse, 2. bis 5. April 1973 in Erlangen.     

Silver Intercalation into Cellulose Matrix. An X-Ray Scattering,Solid-State 13C NMR,IR, X-Ray Photoelectron,and Raman Study

Diffusion of silver ions into a cellulose matrix and their subsequent reduction both with the matrix itself and with specific reducers lead to preparation of cellulose materials containing silver(0). Most silver metal is intercalated into the cellulose matrix when glycerol is used as solvent and potassium hypophosphite or sodium boron hydrate are used as reducers.     

Composition of particles emitted at largep T and medium angles inpp,dd, andαα collisions at the CERN intersecting storage rings

The relative yields of kaons and protons compared with the yield of pions at highp _T and polar angles θ away from 90° (in the range from 10° to 45°) are presented forpp, dd, and αα interactions at a centre-of-mass energy \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 31\) GeV per nucleon-nucleon collision. The measured particle ratios depend on the atomic mass numberA of the beam particles and on θ. TheA dependence of the ratios becomes stronger for largerp _T and is more pronounced at smaller polar angles.