Developments in laser wakefield accelerators:From single-stage to two-stage

Laser wakefield accelerators(LWFAs)are compact accelerators which can produce femtosecond high-energy electron beams on a much smaller scale than the conventional radiofrequency accelerators.It is attributed to their high acceleration gradient which is about 3 orders of magnitude larger than the traditional ones.The past decade has witnessed the major breakthroughs and progress in developing the laser wakfield accelerators.To achieve the LWFAs suitable for applications,more and more attention has been paid to optimize the LWFAs for high-quality electron beams.A single-staged LWFA does not favor generating controllable electron beams beyond 1 Ge V since electron injection and acceleration are coupled and cannot be independently controlled.Staged LWFAs provide a promising route to overcome this disadvantage by decoupling injection from acceleration and thus the electron-beam quality as well as the stability can be greatly improved.This paper provides an overview of the physical conceptions of the LWFA,as well as the major breakthroughs and progress in developing LWFAs from single-stage to two-stage LWFAs.     

镁铁双羟基复合金属氧化物的可控合成及晶面生长特征研究

采用成核 /晶化隔离法合成镁铁双羟基复合金属氧化物MgFe LDH ,考察了Mg∶Fe摩尔比对MgFe LDH晶形的影响 ,探讨了晶化温度及晶化时间对晶面生长选择性及晶粒尺寸的影响规律 .结果表明 ,随Mg∶Fe摩尔比增大 ,层板阳离子排列更为规整 .晶化温度对晶粒尺寸的影响显著大于晶化时间的影响 .晶化温度相同 ,随晶化时间延长 ,MgFe LDH的晶体结构趋于完整 ,晶粒尺寸变化不大 ;晶化时间相同 ,随晶化温度升高 ,晶体结构趋于完整 ,晶粒尺寸明显增大 .所得到的MgFe LDH沿a轴方向的晶粒尺寸对晶化温度变化的敏感程度远大于对晶化时间变化的敏感程度 ,但总是沿a轴方向的晶粒尺寸大于沿c轴方向的尺寸 ,即 [110 ]晶面的生长速率比[0 0 2 ]晶面的生长速率快     

镁铁和镁铝双羟基复合金属氧化物的结构和性能差异

Layered Double Hydroxides MgFe-LDH and MgAl-LDH have been prepared by the method involving separate nucleation and ageing steps. The structure analyses for these two materials show that the values of the parameters both a and c of MgAl-LDH are smaller than that of MgFe-LDH though their structures are similar, and MgAl-LDH with higher crystallinity is more easily formed than MgFe-LDH in the same preparing conditions. The IR analyses manifest that the structures of layer sheets and the orderings of the anions in the interlayer regions of MgAl-LDH are more regular than that of MgFe-LDH. The temperature programmed XRD analyses reveal that the diffraction peak of 003 reflections for MgAl-LDH could be seen after calcining at 300℃, while this peak for MgFe-LDH disappears after calcining at 200℃. Together with the TG-DTA analysis it can be concluded that the thermal stability of MgAl-LDH is obviously higher than that of MgFe-LDH.     

镁铁双羟基复合金属氧化物的可控合成及晶面生长特征研究

采用成核/晶化隔离法合成镁铁双羟基复合金属氧化物MgFe-LDH,考察了Mg ∶ Fe摩尔比对MgFe-LDH晶形的影响,探讨了晶化温度及晶化时间对晶面生长选择性及晶粒尺寸的影响规律.结果表明,随Mg ∶ Fe摩尔比增大,层板阳离子排列更为规整.晶化温度对晶粒尺寸的影响显著大于晶化时间的影响.晶化温度相同,随晶化时间延长, MgFe-LDH的晶体结构趋于完整,晶粒尺寸变化不大;晶化时间相同,随晶化温度升高,晶体结构趋于完整,晶粒尺寸明显增大.所得到的MgFe-LDH沿a轴方向的晶粒尺寸对晶化温度变化的敏感程度远大于对晶化时间变化的敏感程度,但总是沿a轴方向的晶粒尺寸大于沿c轴方向的尺寸,即[110]晶面的生长速率比[002]晶面的生长速率快.     

Fast Electron Spatial Temperature Distribution Studied by X-Ray 2D Imaging

We present the experimental and numerical results of two-dimensional x-ray imaging due to fast electron transport in a solid target. A 40-μm-thick copper film target is irradiated by a lOOm J, 50rs normal incident laser pulse. The full width at half maximum of the x-ray photon dose is 25 μm, and the divergence angle of fast electrons is 25°-30°, which is detected by the pin-hole x-ray imaging technique. The target surface plasma layer is compressed by a ponderomotive force into a depth of 0.2λ. The plasma wave accompanied by fast electrons transporting into the target is studied by dividing the plasma into layers in a radial direction. A narrow fast electron channel, which is approximately 8 μm-10 μm in width, mainly contributes to the x-ray dose.     

Long-distance characterization of high-quality laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beams

Beam quality degradation during the transition from a laser wakefield accelerator to the vacuum is one of the reasons that cause the beam transport distortion, which hinders the way to compact free-electron-lasers. Here,we performed transition simulation to initialize the beam parameters for beam optics transport. This initialization was crucial in matching the experimental results and the designed evolution of the beamline. We experimentally characterized properties of high-quality laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beams, such as transverse beam profile, divergence, and directionality after long-distance transport. By installing magnetic quadrupole lenses with tailored strength gradients, we successfully collimated the electron beams with tunable energies from 200 to 600 MeV.     

A/O固定生物膜系统处理焦化废水的研究

中国是一个用煤大国, 而焦化废水是一种有害、难处理的工业废水. 因此, 焦化废水的处理问题在中国就显得尤为重要. A/O固定生物膜系统结合了A/O处理工艺与固定化微生物技术, 是一种较为先进的废水处理系统. 文中通过大量的试验, 研究了A/O固定生物膜系统这一技术处理焦化废水的可行性. 在试验系统中, 缺氧反应器和好氧反应器中均安装了半软性填料. A/O固定生物膜系统的处理效率受许多参数的影响, 例如: HRT, C/N比, OLR, 以及回流比R. 文中研究了这些参数对系统废水处理效率的影响程度. 试验结果表明, 充足的碳源对于生物降解系统而言, 是非常重要的. 将碳氮比C/N从2.5提高到5, 焦化废水的COD去除率相应地将从 64.15%上升到83.28%. 为更好地提高出水的水质, 在混凝技术对废水进行废水处理领域, 也作了一定的尝试. 试验结果还表明, 用A/O固定生物膜系统处理焦化废水, NH4-N的去除率是非常令人满意的, 最高去除率可高达99%. 由此可见, 采用A/O固定生物膜系统处理焦化废水是可行的.     

Faraday-rotation self-interference method for electron beam duration measurement in the laser wakefield accelerator

Real-time single-shot measurement of the femtosecond electron beam duration in laser wakefield accelerators is discussed for both experimental design and theoretical analysis that combines polarimetry and interferometry.The probe pulse polarization is rotated by the azimuthal magnetic field of the electron beam and then introduced into a Michelson-type interferometer for self-interference. The electron beam duration is obtained from the region size of the interference fringes, which is independent of the pulse width of the probe laser. Using a larger magnification system or incident angle, the measurement resolution can be less than 1 fs.