反应条件对铜催化CO2电还原的影响

工业规模的化石能源消耗导致大气中二氧化碳含量不断增加,CO₂转化利用成为人们日益关注的热点问题. 金属铜因其成本低廉、储量丰富,并且具有独特的CO₂亲和力能够生成多碳化合物,是目前CO₂电还原中研究最为广泛深入的电极材料. 由于阴、阳离子的特征吸附对Cu电极性能有显著影响,并且不同反应体系中对Cu电极上CO₂吸附、活化影响也有所不同,因此导致金属Cu电极上报道的电催化活性、产物种类与选择性等都非常宽泛. 基于此,有必要系统地研究各种反应条件对金属Cu电极电催化CO₂还原性能的影响. 作者选择了平均粒径为600 nm的商品化金属Cu颗粒作为电还原CO₂的催化剂,研究了不同反应条件包括各种常用电解质溶液、KHCO₃的浓度以及H型电解池和流动池. 实验结果表明,浓度为0.5 mol·L ^-1的KHCO₃作为电解质溶液具有较好催化活性和较高的产物分电流密度,流动池可以进一步提高主要产物甲酸盐和CO的分电流密度. 本研究工作从反应条件的角度对CO₂还原的电催化转化进行了系统研究,有助于理解电解液和反应器等因素对CO₂电还原反应过程的影响规律.     

A New Quantum Key Distribution Scheme Based on Frequency and Time Coding

A new scheme of quantum key distribution （QKD） using frequency and time coding is proposed, in which the security is based on the frequency-time uncertainty relation. In this scheme, the binary information sequence is encoded randomly on either the centrM frequency or the time delay of the optical pulse at the sender. The central frequency of the single photon pulse is set as w1 for bit 0 and set as w2 for bit 1 when frequency coding is selected. However, the single photon pulse is not delayed for bit 0 and is delayed in τ for 1 when time coding is selected. At the receiver, either the frequency or the time delay of the pulse is measured randomly, and the final key is obtained after basis comparison, data reconciliation and privacy amplification. With the proposed method, the effect of the noise in the fiber channel and environment on the QKD system can be reduced effectively.     

Block-free optical quantum Banyan network based on quantum state fusion and fission

Optical switch fabric plays an important role in building multiple-user optical quantum communication networks.Owing to its self-routing property and low complexity, a banyan network is widely used for building switch fabric. While,there is no efficient way to remove internal blocking in a banyan network in a classical way, quantum state fusion, by which the two-dimensional internal quantum states of two photons could be combined into a four-dimensional internal state of a single photon, makes it possible to solve this problem. In this paper, we convert the output mode of quantum state fusion from spatial-polarization mode into time-polarization mode. By combining modified quantum state fusion and quantum state fission with quantum Fredkin gate, we propose a practical scheme to build an optical quantum switch unit which is block free. The scheme can be extended to building more complex units, four of which are shown in this paper.     

基于信道估计的自适应连续变量量子密钥分发方法

为使连续变量量子密钥分发协议获得稳定的密钥生成率,需要根据信道变化动态调整发送光脉冲的强度.将光纤量子信道看作加性玻色量子高斯信道,给出高斯态通过玻色量子高斯信道仍得到高斯态的证明过程.通过平衡零差检测后,采用最大似然估计法得到了信道参数,进而根据估计的噪声大小自适应调整Alice发送的光脉冲的强度,从而获得稳定的密钥生成率. 关键词： 量子密钥分发 连续变量 玻色量子高斯信道 信道估计     

一种新的预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发方案

提出一种新的预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发方案.在发端采用参量下变换产生纠缠光子对,其中之一用来进行预报探测,根据探测结果将另一路光脉冲分成两个集合,其中预报探测有响应的脉冲集合用作信号态,无响应的脉冲集合作为诱骗态.由于探测效率的问题,这两个集合都是有光子的,通过这两个集合的通过率和错误率估计出单光子的通过率和错误率.此方法不需要改变光强,简单可行.仿真结果表明：该方法可以达到完美单光子源的安全通信距离;与预报单光子源的量子密钥分发相比,密钥产生率有了很大的提高;和三强度预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发的 关键词： 量子保密通信 量子密钥分发 诱骗态 预报单光子源     

Heralded linear optical quantum Fredkin gate based on one auxiliary qubit and one single photon detector

Linear optical quantum Fredkin gate can be applied to quantum computing and quantum multi-user communication networks. In the existing linear optical scheme, two single photon detectors （SPDs） are used to herald the success of the quantum Fredkin gate while they have no photon count. But analysis results show that for non-perfect SPD, the lower the detector efficiency, the higher the heralded success rate by this scheme is. We propose an improved linear optical quantum Fredkin gate by designing a new heralding scheme with an auxiliary qubit and only one SPD, in which the higher the detection efficiency of the heralding detector, the higher the success rate of the gate is. The new heralding scheme can also work efficiently under a non-ideal single photon source. Based on this quantum Fredkin gate, large-scale quantum switching networks can be built. As an example, a quantum Bene~ network is shown in which only one SPD is used.     

全固态高稳定度纳秒脉冲源的相干合成技术

 单个子源的稳定度指标是多源相干合成技术的关键。文章首先对脉冲源稳定度指标进行了定义，并指出全固态纳秒脉冲源具有较高的稳定度指标，在相干合成中具有潜在优势。对脉冲时基抖动、波形抖动机理进行了深入分析，给出了高稳定度子源设计的关键技术途径，采用过触发、欠容量等具体改善方案，有效提高了子源的时基稳定度和波形稳定度，单个子源脉宽抖动小于等于1%，峰值抖动小于等于1%，单次短时抖动小于等于20 ps，长时漂移小于等于100 ps/min。最终成功实现了256单元的16×16路电路-空间综合合成，研制出30 MW全固态高稳定度多路相干合成纳秒脉冲源，脉冲源16路输出端口最大时基离散度小于30 ps，合成峰值电压抖动小于1%，合成峰值电压效率可达到90%~95%。     

基于和频与差频级联的全光单光子波长变换

基于周期极化铌酸锂波导,提出了一种采用和频产生与差频产生级联的全光单光子波长变换方案.在海森堡绘景下,通过非线性变换过程的哈密顿量求解了目标单光子信号的湮灭算子,进而根据变换前后的光子数算符之比得到了单光子波长变换的效率.分析了和频产生过程以及差频产生过程中单光子的转换效率与泵浦功率之间的关系,证明了存在最佳泵浦功率使得量子态能够完全转移.数值分析结果表明,当上变换(和频产生)泵浦光功率为65 mW、下变换(差频产生)泵浦光功率为150 mW时,由1550 nm到1530 nm的单光子波长变换可达到61％的转换效率.给出了级联单光子波长变换的实验装置,包括周期极化铌酸锂波导、泵浦激光、准单光子信号源、滤波等光学元器件、单光子探测器和同步线路.