夫兰克-赫兹实验控制栅电压对板流的作用探究

针对夫兰克-赫兹实验中反复发现的板极电流随控制栅电压的增大先增大后减小这一非单调性变化趋势,就控制栅电压对板极电流的作用机理展开实验探究与理论分析.在说明控制栅电压通过抑制空间电荷限流效应而对板流起增大作用外,本文着重基于冉绍尔-汤森效应、分子动理论、傅里叶导热定律及碰撞空间与碰撞概率理论揭示了控制栅电压通过削弱阴极本底电流与增大碰撞概率对板极电流的减小作用,并结合阴极发射理论提出了上述双重作用在控制栅电压不同变动范围内的主导性互换机制,最终形成了完整的控制栅电压对板流的双重对立作用机理.     

An All-Thin-Film Electrochromic Device Composed of MoO3--LiBSO--NiOx Multilayer Structure

An all-thin-tilm （ATF） electrochromic device for modulating the optical transmittance is manufactured using magnetron sputtering. The devices consists of MoO3 as the main electrochromic layer, LiBO2 ＋Li2SO4 （LiBSO） as the ion conductor layer, and NiOx as the complementary electrochromic layer. Glass covered with indium tin oxide （ITO） is used as the substrate and the ITO film is used as the bottom electrode. The ITO film deposited on the top of the devices is used as the other electrode. The structure and morphology of the films are characterized by x-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The devices exhibit good optical properties with low transmittance values in the coloured state, and the optical modulation is measured by spectrophotometer in the wavelength range from 400 to 800nm. The average visible light transmittance reaches 50.2% and 3.7% in bleached and coloured state, respectively. The results indicate that such a monolithic system has great potential to be applied in smart windows.     

基于半导体制冷元件的新型湿度测量器

在探索新型湿度测量原理,利用温差、湿度与水蒸气液化速率的关系制作一个能够形成恒定温差的装置,进一步通过测量温差和恒定温差表面的水分含量得到空气的湿度。设定一个环境湿度的标定值作为对照,衡量自制湿度器所得结果的可靠性。     

ITO薄膜可见光区增透性能研究

采用MPS单极性脉冲磁控溅射法,在PMMA衬底上制备SiO2增透薄膜,通过改变溅射时间达到最优的增透效果.在此基础上,制备了不同溅射时间的ITO薄膜,系统研究了增透前后的可见光透过率、方块电阻和红外发射率的变化.实验结果表明,增透后薄膜可见光平均透光率提高大约6;,对于溅射时间小于60 min的ITO薄膜增透之后的平均透光率达到80;以上,同时薄膜的方块电阻以及红外发射率变化较小.     

Design of antireflective coatings for AZO low infrared emissivity layer

In this letter, we investigate the structural, optical, and electrical properties of Al-doped ZnO （AZO） thin film coating prepared by direct current （DC） facing-target sputtering method at room temperature, of which the average optical transmittance is 81% between 400 and 700 nm while the sheet resistance is about 10 Ω/□. Then, based on this AZO coating, in order to enhance the transmittance, interfacial adhesion strength and weathering resistance, two kinds of antireflective coatings are designed for different application purposes. For the two kinds, the highest transmittances in the visible region （400 700 nm） can reach 86.9% and 81.8%. resoectivelv. The design is performed using Macleod Optical Design software.     

迈克耳逊干涉仪实验中的等倾与等厚干涉

本仔细讨论了在面光源照明下用肉眼直接观察的迈克耳逊干涉仪实验中产生的干涉条纹形状，指出等倾干涉和等厚干涉的实验条件，从而帮助学生加深对这两种干涉条纹的理解和判别。     

基于Sagnac干涉仪的保偏光子晶体光纤氢气传感器

提出了一种基于Sagnac干涉仪的保偏光子晶体光纤(PM-PCF)氢气传感器,建立了传感模型并进行了实验研究和验证。采用对靶磁控溅射技术将钯银(Pd/Ag)合金快速均匀地沉积在保偏光子晶体光纤侧面,并利用Pd吸收氢气后的形变调制保偏光子晶体光纤的双折射,通过测量Sagnac干涉仪输出光谱峰值的变化实现氢气浓度的测量。实验结果表明该传感器可检测的氢气浓度范围为0%~4%,且具有良好的重复性。室温下对低浓度氢气具有较高的灵敏度,氢气浓度由0%变化到1%时的波长偏移量达1.307nm。采用双折射温度不敏感的保偏光子晶体光纤,可很好地抑制外界温度变化对传感器的干扰。     

迈克耳孙干涉仪实验中等倾与等厚干涉条纹的判别

仔细研究了迈克耳孙干涉仪实验中产生等倾干涉和等厚干涉的实验条件和它们所产生的条纹的区别．提出了判别迈克耳孙干涉实验中等倾与等厚干涉条纹的依据．从而帮助学生加深对这两种干涉条纹的理解和判别．特别是在反射镜M1与M2不严格垂直时，同样可以观察到类似于等倾干涉的准圆环状条纹．我们对这一现象进行了分析和解释，并首次推导出等厚干涉直条纹任意一点上的微商(aδ/ad=2)为常数的结论，这一结果可以作为对迈克耳孙干涉仪现象的一个补充。     

New criterion for optimization of solar selective absorber coatings

We discuss a merit function F as judgment of photo-thermal conversion efficiency instead of two indepen- dent parameters： solar absorptance α and thermal emittance ε. The merit function F is developed using Essential Macleod software to optimize the photo-thermal conversion efficiency of solar selective coating. Bruggeman and Maxwell-Garnett models are used to calculate the dielectric function of composite cermet film. Mo, W, V, and Pd are used as metallic component as well as infrared （IR） refector materials, and SiO2, A1203, A1N, and TiO2 are used for dielectric component or antireflection （AR） layer materials. The layer structure can be described as substrate （Sub）/IR reflector/ high-metal-volume fraction （HMVF）/ low-metal-volume fraction （LMVF）/AR. Results show that Mo-Al2O3, Mo-AlN, W-SiO2, W-A12O3, V- SiO2, and V-A1203 double-cermet coatings have high conversion efficiency which is greater than 86%. The best among above is Mo-SiO2 with α=0.94, e=0.05 at 450℃, f= 89.9%. Some selective coatings with different layer thicknesses have been successfully optimized for different solar irradiations （air mass （AM0）, AM1.5D, and AM1.5G spectra） and different operating temperatures （300, 450, and 600 ℃）, respectively. However, the optical constants for calculation are from the software, most datum are measured for bulk materials. Therefore. results are more useful to indicate the trend than the exact values.     

聚苯胺电致变色薄膜的红外发射特性研究

为实现聚苯胺电致变色薄膜红外发射率的大幅度调制,在柔性PET-ITO薄膜基底上恒电位沉积硫酸-磺基水杨酸共掺杂的聚苯胺薄膜.采用扫描电镜和傅立叶红外光谱仪表征了薄膜的形貌和结构,用红外比辐射率测试仪和紫外-可见分光光度计测量薄膜的红外发射率和可见光透过率.在优化电解液浓度配比的基础上,通过建立薄膜红外发射率与方块电阻之间的关系曲线(R-E曲线),深入探讨了影响聚苯胺红外发射特性的关键因素.研究结果表明,在薄膜中聚苯胺厚度和电导率的影响下,红外发射率和方块电阻之间遵循对数函数的变化特征.随着中间态发射率E0的增加,氧化态和还原态的红外发射率呈阶梯状上升,红外发射率调制幅度ΔE先增大后减小,在0.71处达到最大值.同时,红外发射率调节对薄膜的可见光电致变色性能无消极影响,可见光平均透过率之差可达43.8%.