Interactions of water,methanol and diethyl ether molecules with the surface of oxidized activated carbon

Two samples of oxidized activated carbon of wood origin were used as adsorbents of water, methanol, and diethyl ether. Structural and chemical characteristics of the samples' surfaces were obtained using adsorption of nitrogen and Boehm titration. The adsorption isotherms of water and methanol were measured using a volumetric apparatus whereas the adsorption of diethyl ether was studied by means of inverse gas chromatography at finite concentration. Then the isotherms at three different temperatures were used to calculate the isosteric heats of adsorption. The results showed that the strength of interaction depends on the porosity of the sample and its surface chemistry. The effect of surface chemistry and the presence of oxygenated groups are predominant in the case of water and the least important in the case of diethyl ether. This is the result of the chemical nature of the molecules, their sizes, and the relative strengths of the dispersive interactions in small pores in comparison with hydrogen bonding to surface functional groups.     

Stability of Ibuprofen in its Inclusion Complex with β-Cyclodextrin

The ibuprofen--cyclodextrin inclusion complex was prepared by theco-precipitation method. The identity of the obtained product was verified by X-ray and thermogravimetric techniques. The effect of -cyclodextrin on the stability of ibuprofen was analysed.     

A Stochastic Model for Population and Well-Being Dynamics

This article presents a stochastic dynamic model to study the demographic evolution per sexes and the corresponding well-being of a general human population. The main model variables are population per sexes and well-being. The considered well-being variable is the Gender-Related Development Index (GDI), a United Nations index. The model's objectives are to improve future well-being and to reach a stable population in a country. The application case consists of adapting, validating, and using the model for Spain in the 2000–2006 period. Some instance strategies have been tested in different scenarios for the 2006–2015 period to meet these objectives by calculating the reliability of the results. The optimal strategy is “government invests more in education and maintains the present health investment tendency.”     

A Side-by-Side Single Sex Age-Structured Human Population Dynamic Model: Exact Solution and Model Validation

A side-by-side single sex age-structured population dynamic model is presented in this paper. The model consists of two coupled von Foerster-McKendrick-type quasi-linear partial differential equations, two initial conditions, and two boundary conditions. The state variables of the model are male and female population densities. The solutions of these partial differential equations provide explicit time and age dependence of the variables. The initial conditions define the male and female population densities at the initial time, while the boundary conditions compute the male and female births at zero-age by using fertility rates. The assumptions of the nontime-dependence of the death and fertility rates and a specific factorization of the migratory balances allow us to obtain exact solutions for male and female population densities. In addition, the hypotheses about the mathematical structure of the input variables are formulated, and the exact solution of the model is obtained. Next, the model is applied to the case study of Spain for the time period 1996–2004. Model validation demonstrates that this approach is a powerful prediction tool. Code and data are available upon request.