Synthesis and mechanochemical properties of biobased ABCBA-type pentablock copolymers comprising poly-d-lactide (A), poly-l-lactide (B) and poly(1,2-propylene succinate) (C)

The ABCBA pentablock copolymers (p-d -l -PPS) comprising poly(d -lactide) (PDLA: A), poly(l -lactide) (PLLA: B) and poly(propylene succinate) (PPS: C) were successfully synthesized by two-step ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of d - and l -lactide using a dihydroxy-terminated PPS as a macro-initiator. The pentablock copolymers revealed the high stereocomplex (sc) crystallinity, thermal stability and elastomeric property in their solution-cast films. It was found that the T_g was found to be proportional to the PPS content, whereas the T_m was proportional to their average block length. The thermal resistivity of the copolymer films was found to be as high as 202°C owing to their sc formation. The copolymers also showed improved stereocomplexibility compared to the enantiomeric mixtures of triblock copolymers (PLLA-PPS-PLLA and PDLA-PPS-PDLA) having similar PLLA and PDLA chain lengths. These pentablock copolymers can afford thermoplastic elastomers or flexible plastic materials having a 100% bio-based content, showing high heat-resistive property.     

Integrating over quiver variety and BPS/CFT correspondence

Letters in Mathematical Physics - We show the vertex operator formalism for the quiver gauge theory partition function and the qq-character of the highest weight module on quiver, both associated...     

Formulation of Aluminum Chloride Phthalocyanine in Pluronic™ P‐123 and F‐127 Block Copolymer Micelles: Photophysical properties and Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms

Aluminum Chloride Phthalocyanine (AlPcCl) can be used as a photosensitizer (PS) for Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms (PDI). The AlPcCl showed favorable characteristics for PDI due to high quantum yield of singlet oxygen (Φ_Δ) and photostability. Physicochemical properties and photodynamic inactivation of AlPcCl incorporated in polymeric micelles of tri‐block copolymer (P‐123 and F‐127) against microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were investigated in this work. Previously, it was observed that the AlPcCl undergoes self‐aggregation in F‐127, while in P‐123 the PS is in a monomeric form suitable for PDI. Due to the self‐aggregation of AlPcCl in F‐127, this formulation did not show any effect on these microorganisms. On the other hand, AlPcCl formulated in P‐123 was effective against S. aureus and C. albicans and the death of microorganisms was dependent on the PS concentration and illumination time. Additionally, it was found that the values of PS concentration and illumination time to eradicate 90% of the initial population of microorganisms (IC₉₀ and D₉₀, respectively) were small for the AlPcCl in P‐123, showing the effectiveness of this formulation for PDI.     

CesA protein is included in the terminal complex of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acetobacter</Emphasis>

Cellulose is a major biopolymer on the earth that is produced by cellulose synthase in the cell membrane of living organisms. Cellulose synthase is a hetero-subunit complex composed of several different protein subunits, and is visualized as a supermolecular complex called a “terminal complex” by electron microscopy. Such supermolecular organization of an enzyme complex is believed to be important for the fiber formation or crystallization of cellulose microfibrils in cellulose biosynthesis. In the case of the cellulose-producing bacterium Acetobacter, it is hypothesized that the enzyme complex includes at least six subunits given its genetic constitution. However, to date, only three of these molecules have been experimentally confirmed as the subunits included in the terminal complex: CesB, CesD, and ccp2. In this study, we used fluorescence immuno-microscopy to show that CesA protein, the catalytic subunit, is included in the terminal complex of Acetobacter. Furthermore we discuss the obtained microscopic data for improving our understanding of the molecular organization of the bacterial cellulose synthase complex.     

Synthesis of 2-azabicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes by the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of cyclopropylmagnesium carbenoids with magnesium anilide

A variety of 2-azabicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes were synthesized by the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of cyclopropylmagnesium carbenoids with magnesium anilide. The 1-chlorocyclopropyl p-tolyl sulfoxides possessing an N-aryl-substituted aminomethyl group were prepared from dichloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters, and anilines in four steps. The deprotonation of the amine with t-BuMgCl followed by sulfoxide/magnesium exchange of the sulfoxides with i-PrMgCl led to the generation of the cyclopropylmagnesium carbenoids possessing a magnesium anilide moiety. Subsequent intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of the cyclopropylmagnesium carbenoids occurred in a 4-exo-tet manner to give the 2-azabicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes. The optically active 2-azabicyclo[2.1.0]pentane was synthesized using a p-tolylsulfinyl group as a chiral auxiliary.     

Effect of the Ethanol/BTC Ratio on the Methane Uptake of Mechanochemically Synthesized MOF-199

We report on a detailed textural analysis of mechanochemically synthesized MOF-199 including N₂ adsorption-desorption and CO₂ adsorption isotherms data at 77 K and 273 K (up to atmospheric pressure), respectively, and CH₄ adsorption data at 298 K (up to 35 bar). We used the isotherm adsorption data to determine the micropore volume of the MOF-199 structures, to establish their methane uptake capacity and to understand how these properties depended on the Ethanol/BTC ratio used during the synthesis. The maximum methane uptake capacity for our specimens was recorded at 130 v/v at 35 bars. These results open an avenue for a better understanding of alternative manufacturing processes of MOF structures for gas storage applications.     

Enzymatic Hydrolysis-Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels Composed of Maltose-Coupled Amphiphilic Ureas

Maltose is a ubiquitous disaccharide produced by the hydrolysis of starch. Amphiphilic ureas bearing hydrophilic maltose moiety were synthesized via the following three steps: I) construction of urea derivatives by the condensation of 4-nitrophenyl isocyanate and alkylamines, II) reduction of the nitro group by hydrogenation, and III) an aminoglycosylation reaction of the amino group and the unprotected maltose. These amphiphilic ureas functioned as low molecular weight hydrogelators, and the mixtures of the amphipathic ureas and water formed supramolecular hydrogels. The gelation ability largely depended on the chain length of the alkyl group of the amphiphilic urea; amphipathic urea having a decyl group had the highest gelation ability (minimum gelation concentration=0.4 mM). The physical properties of the supramolecular hydrogels were evaluated by measuring their thermal stability and dynamic viscoelasticity. These supramolecular hydrogels underwent gel-to-sol phase transition upon the addition of α-glucosidase as a result of the α-glucosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the maltose moiety of the amphipathic urea.     

Phase structure change and ER effect in liquid crystalline polymer/dimethylsiloxane blends

The mechanism of the electrorheological (ER) effect in two types of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP)/dimethylsiloxane (DMS) blends was investigated by rheological measurements and by structure observation under electric field and shear flow. The results show that the phase structures of these immiscible blends can be categorized into slipping (low viscosity) and non-slipping (high viscosity) states. In the non-slipping state, higher viscosity LCP domains connect the electrodes. In the slipping state, on the other hand, LCP domains do not connect the electrodes and the shear is mainly confined in the lower viscosity DMS domains. The ER effect (electrically induced viscosity increase) originates from the electrically induced slipping to non-slipping transition. In one of the blends, the ER effect occurs only at high shear rate, since this blend is in non-slipping state even under no field if the shear rate is low. Received: 29 April 1997 Accepted: 3 November 1997     

Conjugate natural convection between horizontal concentric cylinders filled with a porous medium

A conjugate problem of natural convection between two horizontal concentric, isothermal cylinders filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium is studied. The flow field and energy equations are solved under the conditions of equality in temperature but with jump in heat flux at the fluid-solid interface. Numerical results by a finite-difference technique are presented for a large variation in the parameters entering the problem. A comparison of the solution with non-conjugate problem is also given.Das konjugierte Problem der freien Konvektion zwischen zwei horizontalen, konzentrischen, isothermen Zylindern, die mit einem fluid-gesättigten porösen Medium gefüllt sind, wurde hier untersucht.Das Strömungsfeld und die Energiegleichung sind unter den Bedingungen gelöst worden, daß die Temperatur gleich ist, aber ein Wärmeflußsprung am Übergang von der Flüssigkeits- zur Festphase stattfindet. Die numerischen Ergebnisse werden mit dem Finite-Differenzen-Verfahren für viele Parametervariationen dargestellt. Zudem wurde ein Lösungsvergleich mit einem nicht konjugierten Problem gegeben.