Alkali metal cation doping of metal-organic framework for enhancing carbon dioxide adsorption capacity

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention as adsorbents for the separation of CO₂ from flue gas or natural gas. Here, a typical metal-organic framework HKUST-1(also named Cu-BTC or MOF-199) was chemically reduced by doping it with alkali metals (Li, Na and K) and they were further used to investigate their CO₂ adsorption capacities. The structural information, surface chemistry and thermal behavior of the prepared adsorbent samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis. The results showed that the CO₂ storage capacity of HKUST-1 doped with moderate quantities of Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺, individually, was greater than that of unmodified HKUST-1. The highest CO₂ adsorption uptake of 8.64 mmol/g was obtained with 1K-HKUST-1, and it was ca. 11% increase in adsorption capacity at 298 K and 18 bar as compared with HKUST-1. Moreover, adsorption tests showed that HKUST-1 and 1K-HKUST-1 displayed much higher adsorption capacities of CO₂ than those of N₂. Finally, the adsorption/desorption cycle experiment revealed that the adsorption performance of 1K-HKUST-1 was fairly stable, without obvious deterioration in the adsorption capacity of CO₂ after 10 cycles.     

Selective adsorption of the cationic dye rhodamine-6G from aqueous solution by phosphotungstic acid@MOF-199 composites

In this paper, H₃[ P(W₃O₁₀)₄]@MOF-199 composites ([email protected]) were successfully synthesized by a simple one-step reaction under solvothermal conditions and characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR and N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms. Additionally, rhodamine-6G (Rh6G, a cationic dye) and methyl orange (MO, a anionic dye) as model dyes were employed to assess its adsorption performance. The adsorption capacity of MOF-199 towards Rh6G and MO were enhanced and weakened respectively after the introduction of PTA (from 8.6 mg/g to 41 mg/g; 11.4 mg/g to 2.6 mg/g) proving that the selective adsorption capacity for the cationic dye of porous MOF-199 could be improved through the modification of PTA. Moreover, in diverse initial concentrations of single Rh6G and MO aqueous solutions (10 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L), [email protected] exhibited much higher adsorbing capacity towards Rh6G (about 25, 30, 11 and 16 times higher than that of MO). In mixed dyes adsorption studies, the adsorption capacity of [email protected] towards Rh6G (2.871 mg) are nearly five times larger than that of MO (0.437 mg) even in a solution with a higher concentration of MO than Rh6G (5 mg/L of Rh6G and 10 mg/L of MO). The kinetic study indicated that the adsorption of the Rh6G and MO onto [email protected] followed the pseudo second-order model well. The isotherm obtained from experimental data fitted the Freundlich model (the linearly dependent coefficient are 0.99839 and 0.94845 for Rh6G and MO respectively) indicating multilayer adsorption mechanism. In summary, all these results implied that the as-prepared [email protected] is of great potential to be used as a cationic pollutants adsorbent with high efficiency and selectivity.     

金属-有机骨架材料中甲烷吸附机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了甲烷在MOF-5中的吸附位置、吸附构型和吸附能. 结果表明: 吸附位置主要有四种, Zn₄O簇为最佳吸附位, 其吸附能为17.38 kJ•mol^－1, 高于沸石中的甲烷吸附能. 从吸附能与MOF-5的结构关系分析得出: 在苯环中引入给电子基团, 有利于增强甲烷与MOFs的吸附作用; 引入含氧等极性官能团, 将增加甲烷吸附位, 有利于提高吸附储存量.     

锆基金属有机骨架材料用于四甲基硅烷/异戊烷分离

在半导体工业中，从四甲基硅烷（TMS）/异戊烷混合物中高效捕获异戊烷从而获得超高纯度的TMS是非常重要的。在本工作中，我们选择了具有笼结构的MOF-801，通过其对TMS和异戊烷吸附能力的差异，实现了TMS与异戊烷的分离。气体吸附测试结果表明，在298 K和60 kPa时，MOF-801对异戊烷吸附量为2.56 mmol·g^-1，而其对TMS的吸附量为1.20 mmol·g^-1。理想吸附溶液理论（IAST）计算结果表明，MOF-801对TMS/异戊烷（95∶5，体积比）混合物的分离选择性达到105.8。而之后的液相吸附分离实验进一步验证了MOF-801的分离效果，最终可以得到体积分数大于99.98%的TMS。     

Gas adsorption and storage in metal-organic framework MOF-177

Gas adsorption experiments have been carried out on a zinc benzenetribenzoate metal-organic framework material, MOF-177. Hydrogen adsorption on MOF-177 at 298 K and 10 MPa gives an adsorption capacity of approximately 0.62 wt %, which is among the highest hydrogen storage capacities reported in porous materials at ambient temperatures. The heats of adsorption for H2 on MOF-177 were -11.3 to -5.8 kJ/mol. By adding a H2 dissociating catalyst and using our bridge building technique to build carbon bridges for hydrogen spillover, the hydrogen adsorption capacity in MOF-177 was enhanced by a factor of approximately 2.5, to 1.5 wt % at 298 K and 10 MPa, and the adsorption was reversible. N2 and O2 adsorption measurements showed that O2 was adsorbed more favorably than N2 on MOF-177 with a selectivity of approximately 1.8 at 1 atm and 298 K, which makes MOF-177 a promising candidate for air separation. The isotherm was linear for O2 while being concave for N2. Water vapor adsorption studies indicated that MOF-177 adsorbed up to approximately 10 wt % H2O at 298 K. The framework structure of MOF-177 was not stable upon H2O adsorption, which decomposed after exposure to ambient air in 3 days. All the results suggested that MOF-177 could be a potentially promising material for gas separation and storage applications at ambient temperature (under dry conditions or with predrying).     

Alkali metal cation doping of metal-organic framework for enhancing carbon dioxide adsorption capacity

Metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） have attracted much attention as adsorbents for the separation of CO2 from flue gas or natural gas. Here, a typical metal-organic framework HKUST-I（also named Cu-BTC or MOF-199） was chemically reduced by doping it with alkali metals （Li, Na and K） and they were further used to investigate their CO2 adsorption capacities. The structural information, surface chemistry and thermal behavior of the prepared adsorbent samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, thermo-gravimetric analysis （TGA） and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis. The results showed that the CO2 storage capacity of HKUST-1 doped with moderate quantities of Li＋, Na＋ and K＋, individually, was greater than that of unmodified HKUST-1. The highest CO2 adsorption uptake of 8.64 mmol/g was obtained with 1K-HKUST-1, and it was ca. 11% increase in adsorption capacity at 298 K and 18 bar as compared with HKUST- 1. Moreover, adsorption tests showed that HKUST-1 and 1K-HKUST-1 displayed much higher adsorption capacities of CO2 than those of N2. Finally, the adsorption/desorption cycle experiment revealed that the adsorption performance of 1K-HKUST-1 was fairly stable, without obvious deterioration in the adsorption capacity of CO2 after 10 cycles.     

Adsorption of methane in activated carbons obtained from coconut shells using H3PO4 chemical activation

Activated carbon samples from coconut shells (Brazilian coconut species “Coco da Baía”) were prepared by chemical activation with phosphoric acid as the activating agent. Samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K. Some samples were randomly chosen in order to perform methane adsorption experiments under pressures between 1 and 60 bar at 303 K. A close relationship between surface area, micropore volume and methane adsorption capacity for carbons prepared from the same starting material was observed. The highest methane storage capacity in the tested samples was found to be 95 v/v at 303 K and 35 bar, which is comparable to results obtained for commercial samples indicated for this application. A moderate concentration of phosphoric acid (around 35%) seems to favor high surface areas, micropore volumes and, hence, gas storage capacity. The inclusion of an acid wash step before carbonization and the use of inert gas flow during carbonization also seem to enhance the development of porosity. This result suggests that activated carbons prepared from “Coco da Baía” by chemical activation with phosphoric acid have potential to be used as a storage media for natural gas.     

A Triptycene-Based Porous Organic Polymer that Exhibited High Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide Storage Capacities and Excellent CO2/N2 Selectivity

A novel porous organic polymer (POP) has been constructed through the condensation of triptycene tricatechol and 1,3,5‐benzenetris(4‐phenylboronic acid). This triptycene‐based POP exhibited high H₂ uptake (up to 1.84 wt% at 77 K, 1 bar), large CO₂ adsorption capacity (up to 18.1 wt% at 273K, 1 bar), and excellent CO₂/N₂ adsorption selectivity (up to 120/1). The influence of solvent on the gas adsorption performance of the POP has also been investigated.     

Tuning the hydrogen storage capacity of MOF-650 by Mg2+/Ca2+ substitution and B,N co-doped atoms: Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation and periodic density functional theory

This study used periodic density functional theory and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the effects of the co-doping of B and N atoms and substituting Zn²⁺ with Mg²⁺ or Ca²⁺ in the organic linker groups of MOF-650. The functionalization increased the polarity of the organic groups, stabilizing the interaction between the MOF and hydrogen molecules. The highest average binding energy of the adsorbed hydrogen in MOF-650 NB-C7-azulene-Mg was calculated to be −4.75 to 5.40 kcal/mol for the α adsorption sites. Using the substitution of NB azulene and metal cations being Mg²⁺ or Ca²⁺, The hydrogen storage capacity of functionalized MOF-650 was increased to 22 mg/g at 90 bar/298 K, implying the modification strategy of MOF-650 would strengthen the interaction between MOF frameworks and hydrogen molecules.     

Adsorption equilibrium of methane and carbon dioxide on porous metal-organic framework Zn-BTB

Porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged over the past decade as an important new class of materials possessing permanent porosities, uniform pore structures, high surface areas, and low crystal densities. MOFs are regarded as promising solid adsorbents for gas storage and separation but have not reached an applied level yet. One impediment to MOF applications is incomplete adsorption information and lack of structure-property relationships. In this paper, we present pure-component adsorption equilibrium data for methane and carbon dioxide at different temperatures on a new three-dimensional Zn-MOF material built from the ligand 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (H₃BTB) with Zn metal. The data are described by Toth’s equation and Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A) equation. Thermodynamic properties including isosteric heat of adsorption are estimated based on the two models and comparisons are made with other adsorbents. The smaller pore diameters of Zn-MOF compared to related structures MOF-177 and UMCM-1 lead to greater adsorption loadings at 1 bar.     

Influence of temperature,pressure, nanotube’s diameter and intertube distance on methane adsorption in homogeneous armchair open-ended SWCNT triangular arrays

The physisorption of methane in homogeneous armchair open-ended SWCNT triangular arrays for the tubes of diameter of 10.85, 13.57, 16.28 and 19.00 Å [(8,8), (10,10), (12,12) and (14,14), respectively] at temperature of 273, 298, 323 and 373 K and at fugacity of 0.5–9.0 Mpa is evaluated by means of Grand Canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. The applied intermolecular forces are modeled using Lennard-Jones potential model. The absolute, excess and delivery adsorption isotherms of methane in various carbon nanotube arrays are calculated. Besides, specific surface areas and the isosteric heats of adsorption, Q _st, are studied, also different isotherm models were fitted on the simulation adsorption data, and the model parameters are correlated. A novel geometrical relationship is introduced to calculate accessible interstitial and intratubular volumes. According to our simulation results, one can reaches to 96% of the US Department of Energy target for CH₄ storage of 180 v/v at 298 K and 35 bar by using the SWCNT array with nanotube’s diameter of 19 Å as adsorbent. For intertube distance equal 3.4 Å, no gas adsorption is observed in interstitial channel except for the arrays bigger than 15.4 Å in nanotube’s diameter, and multi-layer adsorption starts to form in nanotube’s diameter of 16.28 Å at the pressure of 2.0 MPa.     

Molecular Mechanisms of the Effect of Water on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> Mixture Adsorption in Slitlike Carbon Pores

The grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo method has been used to study adsorption of carbon dioxide, methane, and their mixtures with different compositions in slitlike carbon pores at a temperature of 318 K and pressures below 60 atm. The data obtained have been used to show the effect of fixed amounts of pre-adsorbed water (19, 37, and 70 vol %) on the adsorption capacity and selectivity of carbon micro- and mesopores. The presence of water reduces the adsorption capacity throughout the studied pressure range upon adsorption of gaseous mixtures containing less than 50% CO₂, as well as in narrow micropores (with widths of 8?12 Å). Upon adsorption of mixtures with CO₂ contents higher than 50%, the adsorption capacity of pores with low water contents appears, in some region of the isotherm, to be higher than that in dry pores. In the case of wide pores (16 and 20 Å), this region is located at low and moderate pressures, while for mesopores it is located at high pressures. The analysis of the calculated data has shown that the molecular mechanism of the influence of preadsorbed water on the adsorption capacity is based on the competition between the volume accessible for adsorption (decreases the capacity) and the strength of the interaction between carbon dioxide molecules and water molecules (increases the capacity). Therewith, the larger the surface area of the water–gas contact, the stronger the H₂O–CO₂ interactions.     

Synthesis of phase-pure interpenetrated MOF-5 and its gas sorption properties

For the first time, phase-pure interpenetrated MOF-5 (1) has been synthesized and its gas sorption properties have been investigated. The phase purity of the material was confirmed by both single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies and TGA analysis. A systematic study revealed that controlling the pH of the reaction medium is critical to the synthesis of phase-pure 1, and the optimum apparent pH (pH*) for the formation of 1 is 4.0-4.5. At higher or lower pH*, [Zn(2)(BDC)(2)(DMF)(2)] (2) or [Zn(5)(OH)(4)(BDC)(3)] (3), respectively, was predominantly formed. The pore size distribution obtained from Ar sorption experiments at 87 K showed only one peak, at ~6.7 ?, which is consistent with the average pore size of 1 revealed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Compared to MOF-5, 1 exhibited higher stability toward heat and moisture. Although its surface area is much smaller than that of MOF-5 due to interpenetration, 1 showed a significantly higher hydrogen capacity (both gravimetric and volumetric) than MOF-5 at 77 K and 1 atm, presumably because of its higher enthalpy of adsorption, which may correlate with its higher volumetric hydrogen uptake compared to MOF-5 at room temperature, up to 100 bar. However, at high pressures and 77 K, where the saturated H(2) uptake mostly depends on the surface area of a porous material, the total hydrogen uptake of 1 is notably lower than that of MOF-5.     

Hydrogen adsorption on microporous materials at ambient temperatures and pressures up to 50 MPa

High surface area microporous adsorbents are often proposed as potential hydrogen storage materials, although typically at 77?K and less than 5?MPa. In this study, we focus on conditions more suitable for automotive applications by investigating the storage capacities of microporous materials at 298?K and at pressures up to 50?MPa. In an effort to derive trends within and across material classes, we examined a wide range of materials with varying microstructures including the activated carbons AX-21, KUA-5, and MSC-30; a zeolite templated carbon; a hypercrosslinked polymer; and the Metal Organic Frameworks MOF-177, IRMOF-20, MIL-53, ZIF-8, and Cu₃(btc)₂. The peak excess adsorption of these materials ranged from 0.8–1.8?wt.%, although many did not reach their maximum capacity even at high pressures. However, the total volumetric storage gains over compressed hydrogen gas were quite low and, in many cases, negative. In addressing ambient temperature adsorption at significantly higher pressures than previously reported, our data confirms and extends the range of validity of several existing DFT calculations. Furthermore, our data suggest that, for both activated carbons and MOFs, factors other than specific surface area govern ambient temperature adsorption capacity. Contrary to some reports, the high fractions of sub-nanometer pores in some of the investigated MOFs did not appear to enhance the excess adsorption even at high pressures. For on-board applications with ambient temperature storage, significant enhancements to the attractive force at the materials’ surface are required, beyond merely increasing specific surface area, or for MOFs, tuning of pore sizes.     

Adsorption isotherms and ideal selectivities of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide over methane for the Si-CHA zeolite: comparison of carbon dioxide and methane adsorption with the all-silica DD3R zeolite

Adsorption isotherms of H₂S, CO₂, and CH₄ on the Si-CHA zeolite were measured over pressure range of 0–190 kPa and temperatures of 298, 323, and 348 K. Acid gases adsorption isotherms on this type of zeolite are reported for the first time. The isotherms follow a typical Type-I shape according to the Brunauer classification. Both Langmuir and Toth isotherms describe well the adsorption isotherms of methane and acid gases over the experimental conditions tested. At room temperature and pressure of 100 kPa, the amount of CO₂ adsorption for Si-CHA zeolite is 29 % greater than that reported elsewhere (van den Bergh et al. J Mem Sci 316:35–45 (2008); Surf Sci Catal 170:1021–1027 (2007)) for the pure silica DD3R zeolite while the amounts of CH₄ adsorption are reasonably the same. Si-CHA zeolite showed high ideal selectivities for acid gases over methane at 100 kPa (6.15 for H₂S and 4.06 for CO₂ at 298 K). Furthermore, H₂S adsorption mechanism was found to be physical, and hence, Si-CHA can be utilized in pressure swing adsorption processes. Due to higher amount of carbon dioxide adsorbed and lower heats of adsorption as well as three dimensional channels of Si-CHA pore structure, this zeolite can remove acid gases from methane in a kinetic based process such as zeolite membrane.     

离子液体负载的金属框架Py/MOF-199的制备及其吸附脱硫性能

制备了金属框架MOF-199(Cu-BTC),并将[Hnmp][H2PO4]离子液体负载到MOF-199上合成了离子液体负载的金属框架Py/MOF-199。对吸附剂进行了X射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜、比表面积表征。考察了MOF-199预处理条件、离子液体负载方式、负载量、负载温度、负载时间对噻吩吸附脱除性能的影响,通过正交实验优化了吸附剂的制备条件和吸附脱硫条件。结果表明,离子液体改性得到的Py/MOF-199保持了MOF-199的规则的八面体结构。Py/MOF-199的适宜制备条件为:采用二氯甲烷索氏提取并真空干燥法进行预处理MOF-199后,再用溶剂热法负载[Hnmp][H_2PO_4],负载温度为50℃,负载时间为8 h,负载量为7%。各因素对吸附剂脱硫性能影响大小顺序为:负载温度负载时间离子液体负载量。适宜Py/M OF-199吸附脱硫条件为:模拟油为10 mL,吸附剂用量0.2 g,吸附温度70℃,吸附时间1 h。在此条件下,噻吩脱除率可达到96.7%。     

Porphyrin‐based covalent triazine frameworks: Porosity,adsorption performance,and drug delivery

Two porous porphyrin‐based covalent triazine frameworks (PCTFs), in which porphyrin is incorporated as building block, have been synthesized by the Friedel–Crafts reaction. The copolymer PCTFs show large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of up to 1089 m² g^?1, high CO₂ uptake capacity reaching 139.9 mg g^?1 at 273 K/1.0 bar, and good selectivity for CO₂/CH₄ adsorption attaining 6.1 at 273 K/1.0 bar. The resulting porous solids also can be used as matrices for drug delivery of ibuprofen in vitro. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55 , 2594–2600     

Carbon dioxide and methane adsorption at high pressure on activated carbon materials

Granular and monolith carbon materials were prepared from African palm shell by chemical activation with H₃PO₄, ZnCl₂ and CaCl₂ aqueous solutions of different concentrations. Adsorption capacity of carbon dioxide and methane were measured at 298 K and 4,500 kPa, and also of CO₂ at 273 K and 100 kPa, in a volumetric adsorption equipment. Correlations between the textural properties of the materials and the adsorption capacity for both gases were obtained from the experimental data. The results obtained show that the adsorption capacity of CO₂ and CH₄ increases with surface area, total pore volume and micropore volume of the activated carbons. Maximum adsorption values were: 5.77 mmol CO₂ g^?1 at 273 K and 100 kPa, and 17.44 mmol CO₂ g^?1 and 7.61 mmol CH₄ g^?1 both at 298 K and 4,500 kPa.     

Influence of acid treatment on structure of clinoptilolite tuff and its adsorption of methane

This study presents the results of the methane adsorption properties of clinoptilolite tuff from Bigadic, Turkey and that of acid treated forms at 273 and 293 K up to 100 kPa using volumetric apparatus. In order to assess changes in structural and gas adsorption properties of clinoptilolite, zeolite sample was treated with acid solutions of varying concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 M) at 70 °C during 3 h. Structural and thermal characterization of natural and acid treated clinoptilolite samples were carried out using a combination of techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, thermogravimetric, differential thermal analysis and nitrogen adsorption methods. At both temperatures, uptake of methane (CH₄) increased in the following order: CLN < CLN-H2 < CLN-H1 < CLN-H05 < CLN-H01. CH₄ adsorption capacities of the original and acid treated clinoptilolites were found in the range of 0.476–0.910 mmol/g and 0.398–0.691 mmol/g at 273 and 293 K, respectively.     

Kinetic investigation of the textile bleaching process

Volumetric H₂-uptake measurements on an Mo₂N (79 m²g^–1) sample reduced at 673 K have been carried out and the uptake isotherms in the temperature range of 308–623 K have been determined. Both the total and reversible hydrogen uptake increased with the uptake temperature. The irreversible hydrogen uptake increased abruptly when the uptake temperature was raised up to 423 K. The maximum of irreversible hydrogen uptake was measured at 473 K. The H_IR/Mo ratio calculated from the uptakes obtained in the temperature range of 308–623 K varies in the range of 0.0010–0.0202. One possible mechanism for hydrogen adsorption is proposed to be heterolytic dissociation on Mo-N paris, in which the molybdenum atoms are in unsaturated coordination.