全文获取类型
收费全文 | 290篇 |
免费 | 4篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 139篇 |
晶体学 | 17篇 |
力学 | 4篇 |
数学 | 34篇 |
物理学 | 101篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 2篇 |
2018年 | 4篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 6篇 |
2015年 | 4篇 |
2014年 | 9篇 |
2013年 | 14篇 |
2012年 | 12篇 |
2011年 | 7篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 7篇 |
2008年 | 8篇 |
2007年 | 10篇 |
2006年 | 17篇 |
2005年 | 8篇 |
2004年 | 12篇 |
2003年 | 7篇 |
2002年 | 7篇 |
2001年 | 4篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 3篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 13篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1929年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有295条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The objective of this research work was to investigate the kinetics of esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol through the variation of experimental parameters. The reaction mixture was catalyzed heterogeneously by a sulfonated catalyst in batch mode of operation. The catalyst was prepared from abundantly available agro-waste, Cajanus cajan husk by chemical activation process, which produces a carbon-based solid catalyst with high surface area. The catalyst was characterized by a Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to know the surface morphology. Process parameters such as contact time, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading, which can influence the extent of conversion of reactants, were studied. Furthermore, the kinetic investigation was also carried out to estimate the kinetic parameters for uncatalyzed and catalyzed reaction using the second-order pseudo-homogeneous (P-H), Eley-Rideal (E-R), and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) kinetic models for this research work. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy, preexponential factor, and the thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy and entropy were estimated for uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions using these three models. The process conditions were optimized for catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions to obtain the maximum product yield by minimizing root mean square error of each experimental data using the MS-excel solver tool. Thus, this study reveals the high potential of an agro-waste, Cajanus cajan husk as raw material for the synthesis of catalyst. The results show that the E-R model is more appropriate for predicting the dynamic data of an esterification reaction, as the forward rate of reaction estimated using the E-R model are more modified than P-H and L-H models. 相似文献
2.
3.
Kaushik Chakraborty Sumanta Sarkar Subhamoy Maitra Bodhisatwa Mazumdar Debdeep Mukhopadhyay Emmanuel Prouff 《Designs, Codes and Cryptography》2017,82(1-2):95-115
In this paper, we consider the multi-bit Differential Power Analysis (DPA) in the Hamming weight model. In this regard, we revisit the definition of Transparency Order (\(\mathsf {TO}\)) from the work of Prouff (FSE 2005) and find that the definition has certain limitations. Although this work has been quite well referred in the literature, surprisingly, these limitations remained unexplored for almost a decade. We analyse the definition from scratch, modify it and finally provide a definition with better insight that can theoretically capture DPA in Hamming weight model for hardware implementation with precharge logic. At the end, we confront the notion of (revised) transparency order with attack simulations in order to study to what extent the low transparency order of an s-box impacts the efficiency of a side channel attack against its processing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such a critical analysis is conducted (even considering the original notion of Prouff). It practically confirms that the transparency order is indeed related to the resistance of the s-box against side-channel attacks, but it also shows that it is not sufficient alone to directly achieve a satisfying level of security. Regarding this point, our conclusion is that the (revised) transparency order is a valuable criterion to consider when designing a cryptographic algorithm, and even if it does not preclude to also use classical countermeasures like masking or shuffling, it enables to improve their effectiveness. 相似文献
4.
Pradip K. Bhowmik Tae S. Jo Jung J. Koh Jongwon Park Bidyut Biswas Ronald Carlo G. Principe Haesook Han Andrs F. Wacha Matti Knaapila 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,26(6)
A series of poly(pyridinium salt)s-fluorene main-chain ionic polymers with various organic counterions were synthesized by using ring-transmutation polymerization and metathesis reactions. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), proton (1H), and fluorine 19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These polymers showed a number-average molecular weight (Mns) between 96.5 and 107.8 kg/mol and polydispersity index (PDI) in the range of 1.12–1.88. They exhibited fully-grown lyotropic phases in polar protic and aprotic solvents at different critical concentrations. Small-angle X-ray scattering for one polymer example indicates lyotropic structure formation for 60–80% solvent fraction. A lyotropic smectic phase contains 10 nm polymer platelets connected by tie molecules. The structure also incorporates a square packing motif within platelets. Thermal properties of polymers were affected by the size of counterions as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. Their ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra in different organic solvents were essentially identical, indicating that the closely spaced π-π* transitions occurred in their conjugated polymer structures. In contrast, the emission spectra of polymers exhibited a positive solvatochromism on changing the polarity of solvents. They emitted green lights in both polar and nonpolar organic solvents and showed blue light in the film-states, but their λem peaks were dependent on the size of the counterions. They formed aggregates in polar aprotic and protic solvents with the addition of water (v/v, 0–90%), and their λem peaks were blue shifted. 相似文献
5.
JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - The four new spray reagents (Benzoic acid and some of its parahaloderivatives) have been introduced. These reagents enable... 相似文献
6.
Research on Chemical Intermediates - The discharge of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has resulted in significant pollution because of the presence of Cr(VI) oxyanions. They are highly water-soluble,... 相似文献
7.
Kinshuk Dasgupta D. Sen T. Mazumdar R. K. Lenka R. Tewari S. Mazumder J. B. Joshi S. Banerjee 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2012,14(3):728
For the first time, bamboo-shaped multiwalled carbon nanotubes, having diameter of the order of 50 nm, have been grown on
carbon black in a fluidized bed in bulk amount. The activation energy for the synthesis of the product was found out to be
around 33 kJ/mol in the temperature range of 700−900 °C. The carbon nanotubes were separated from the carbon black by preferential
oxidation of the later, the temperature of which was determined by thermogravimetry. The transmission electron microscopy
revealed different features of the nanotubes such as “Y” junction, bend, and catalyst filling inside the nanotubes. Small
angle neutron scattering was performed on the nanotubes synthesized at different temperatures. The data were fitted into a
suitable model in order to find out the average diameter, which decreases with increase in synthesis temperature. The Monte
Carlo simulation predicts the same behavior. Based on the above observations, a possible growth mechanism has been predicted.
The oscillation in carbon saturation value inside the catalyst in the fluidized bed has been indicated as the responsible
factor for the bamboo-shaped structure. 相似文献
8.
9.
Bidyut B. Sarma Jonglack Kim Jonas Amsler Giovanni Agostini Claudia Weidenthaler Norbert Pfnder Raul Arenal Patricia Concepcin Philipp Plessow Felix Studt Gonzalo Prieto 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(14):5806-5815
Realizing the full potential of oxide‐supported single‐atom metal catalysts (SACs) is key to successfully bridge the gap between the fields of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Here we show that the one‐pot combination of Ru1/CeO2 and Rh1/CeO2 SACs enables a highly selective olefin isomerization‐hydrosilylation tandem process, hitherto restricted to molecular catalysts in solution. Individually, monoatomic Ru and Rh sites show a remarkable reaction specificity for olefin double‐bond migration and anti‐Markovnikov α‐olefin hydrosilylation, respectively. First‐principles DFT calculations ascribe such selectivity to differences in the binding strength of the olefin substrate to the monoatomic metal centers. The single‐pot cooperation of the two SACs allows the production of terminal organosilane compounds with high regio‐selectivity (>95 %) even from industrially‐relevant complex mixtures of terminal and internal olefins, alongside a straightforward catalyst recycling and reuse. These results demonstrate the significance of oxide‐supported single‐atom metal catalysts in tandem catalytic reactions, which are central for the intensification of chemical processes. 相似文献
10.
Dr. Bidyut B. Sarma Jonglack Kim Jonas Amsler Dr. Giovanni Agostini Dr. Claudia Weidenthaler Norbert Pfänder Dr. Raul Arenal Dr. Patricia Concepción Dr. Philipp Plessow Prof. Dr. Felix Studt Dr. Gonzalo Prieto 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,132(14):5855-5864
Realizing the full potential of oxide-supported single-atom metal catalysts (SACs) is key to successfully bridge the gap between the fields of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Here we show that the one-pot combination of Ru1/CeO2 and Rh1/CeO2 SACs enables a highly selective olefin isomerization-hydrosilylation tandem process, hitherto restricted to molecular catalysts in solution. Individually, monoatomic Ru and Rh sites show a remarkable reaction specificity for olefin double-bond migration and anti-Markovnikov α-olefin hydrosilylation, respectively. First-principles DFT calculations ascribe such selectivity to differences in the binding strength of the olefin substrate to the monoatomic metal centers. The single-pot cooperation of the two SACs allows the production of terminal organosilane compounds with high regio-selectivity (>95 %) even from industrially-relevant complex mixtures of terminal and internal olefins, alongside a straightforward catalyst recycling and reuse. These results demonstrate the significance of oxide-supported single-atom metal catalysts in tandem catalytic reactions, which are central for the intensification of chemical processes. 相似文献