介电法研究溶液中分子间的缔合作用(I)

磷酸三丁酯(TBP)是一种重要的萃取剂,它已广泛地应用于许多金属的提取工艺中。在萃取过程中,水在两相间的转移对萃取过程产生重要影响。一些实验表明,TBP分子是通过氢键与水生成1∶1缔合物形式萃取水分子。但对该缔合物的物理化学性质研究尚未见报导。我们运用静态介电研究法,通过测定溶液介电常数,并应用向无限稀释外推手段,进一步证明TBP与H_2O的缔合作用,并测得TBP·H_2O缔合物的摩尔极化度、偶极矩和缔合平衡常数,进而求得缔合反应的自由能。     

彬县水帘洞煤矿工业场地西侧黄土高边坡特征及成因分析

水帘洞煤矿工业场地西侧黄土高边坡为老滑坡的后壁,在边坡的脚下有老滑坡体残留物。地表水沿黄土垂直节理、裂隙下渗,逐渐在边坡的顶部形成落水洞;边坡还受黄土层理、倾角（5°～10°）和古土壤层位置的控制,地表水下渗至古土壤层,古土壤层是良好的隔水层,加上黄土层理倾向沟谷,在古土壤层面位置（半山腰）易形成与边坡顶部落水洞贯通的落水洞出口。受长期降水或短期强降水的影响,导致边坡失稳。     

Bifurcation of a modified railway wheelset model with nonlinear equivalent conicity and wheel–rail force

This paper presents the bifurcation behaviors of a modified railway wheelset model to explore its instability mechanisms of hunting motion. Equivalent conicity data measured from China high-speed railway vehicle are used to modify the wheelset model. Firstly, the relationships between longitudinal stiffness, lateral stiffness, equivalent conicity and critical speed are taken into account by calculating the real parts of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix and Hurwitz criterion for the corresponding linear model. Secondly, measured equivalent conicity data are fitted by a nonlinear function of the lateral displacement rather than are considered as a constant as usual. Nonlinear wheel–rail force function is used to describe the wheel–rail contact force. Based on these modifications, a modified railway wheelset model with nonlinear equivalent conicity and wheel–rail force is set up, and then, some instability mechanisms of China high-speed train vehicle are investigated based on Hopf bifurcation, fold (limit point) bifurcation of cycles, cusp bifurcation of cycles, Neimark–Sacker bifurcation of cycles and 1:1 resonance. In particular, fold bifurcation of cycles can produce a vast effect on the hunting motion of the modified wheelset model. One of the main reasons leading to hunting motion is due to the fold bifurcation structure of cycles, in which stable limit cycles and unstable limit cycles may coincide, and multiple nested limit cycles appear on a side of fold bifurcation curve of cycles. Unstable hunting motion mainly depends on the coexistence of equilibria and limit cycles and their positions; if the most outward limit cycle is stable, then the motion of high-speed vehicle should be safe in a reasonable range. Otherwise, if the initial values are chosen near the most outward unstable limit cycle or the system is perturbed by noises, the high-speed vehicle will take place unstable hunting motion and even lead to serious train derailment events. Therefore, in order to control hunting motions, it may be the easiest way in theory to guarantee the coexistence of the inner stable equilibrium and the most outward stable limit cycle in a wheelset system.

     

几种含硫镍基高温自润滑合金的研究

作者用中频感应炉熔炼了5种Mo、S添加量相同的含S镍基合金,并在其自行设计制造的销-盘式高温摩擦试验机上考察了它们的摩擦系数和磨损率随温度的变化规律。物相分析结果表明,合金中生成的硫化物在不含Cr时主要是MoS_2,而在合金含5％(ωt)和10％(ωt)Cr时生成的硫化物分别为CrMo_2S_4和Cr_3S_4。因此,含Cr合金在较低温度下的摩擦系数明显比不含Cr合金的低,其在较高温度(600℃)时的摩擦系数也仍然能够保持与不含Cr合金相当的低值。在合金中加入Fe和Co仅起固溶强化作用而不影响生成的硫化物的类型。Co的加入及其添加量的增大,减小了合金在高温下的磨损。合金含C量的增大,使合金中生成的碳化物增多,也减小了合金的磨损。本文根据试验比较选择报道的Ni-Mo-10Fe-10Cr-10Co-S-0.8C合金在20—600℃温度范围内的摩擦系数低、磨损小,并且具有一定的机械强度,是一种实用性能比较好的高温自润滑合金。     

空气绕流诱发H型桥面振动的机理分析与模拟——————以Tacoma大桥风振致毁事故为例

以Tacoma大桥风振致毁事故为例, 研究H型桥面的风振机理. 分析了绕流场对称性的 破缺及其诱发桥面振动的情况; 并根据大桥实际尺寸, 采用Fluent软件进行了二维仿真计算. 结果表明: 桥面低压区从中部逐步形成并顺风向移动, 在上下桥面依次交替进行; 其二, 风 速越大, 桥面所受的阻力和升力变化周期越小, 周期变化速率也越小; 其三, 升力系数的变 化周期约为阻力系数变化周期的两倍, 在当时19m/s的风速条件下, 升力系数变化的周期约 为31.5s.     

基于主成分分析-二阶导数光谱成像的红外显微图像分析

红外显微成像技术将红外光谱技术和显微技术相结合,不仅可以提供测试样品的光谱信息而且能够提供测试样品的空间分布信息。然而复杂样品的红外显微图像谱峰重叠严重,无法直接获得目标组分的分布信息。将因子分析与光谱分离技术相结合提出了主成分分析-二阶导数光谱成像方法。通过兔子动脉红外显微图像中胆固醇分布的成像实验,验证该方法的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明,该方法可以提高光谱分辨率,挖掘隐藏于重叠谱峰中的有用信息,是一种有效的红外显微图像分析方法。     

Understanding Oil and Gas Flow Mechanisms in Shale Reservoirs Using SLD–PR Transport Model

More and more attention has been paid to the oil and gas flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs. The solid–fluid interaction becomes significant when the pores are in the nanoscale. The interaction changes the fluid’s physical properties and leads to different flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs from those in conventional reservoirs. By using a Simplified Local Density–Peng Robinson transport model, we consider the density and viscosity profiles, which result from solid–fluid interaction. Gas rarefaction effect is negligible at high pressure, so we assume it is viscous flow. Considering the density- and viscosity-changing effects, we proposed a slit permeability model. The velocity profiles are obtained by this newly established model. This proposed model is validated by matching the density profile and velocity profile from molecular dynamic simulation. Then, the effects of pressure and pore size on gas and oil flow mechanisms are also studied in this work. The results show that both gas and oil exhibit enhanced flow rates in nanopores. Gas-phase flow in nanopores is dominated by the density-changing effect (adsorption), while the oil-phase flow is mainly controlled by the viscosity-changing effect. Both gas and oil permeability quickly decrease to the Darcy permeability when the slit aperture becomes large. The results reported in this work are representative and should significantly help us understand the mechanisms of oil and gas flow in shale reservoirs.     

介电法研究萃取过程中分子间的络合作用

用介电法测定若干重要萃取剂的摩尔极化度和偶极矩，研究协萃体系中萃取剂之间的络合作用和协同萃了现象，求得缔合物、萃合物的摩尔极化度、偶极矩及缔合常数。     

Air path identification of diesel engines by LPV techniques for gain scheduled control

Modelling is a key element to improve the performance of engine control systems, but many factors like non-linearity and complexity complicate the derivation of sufficiently precise physical models. This motivates an increasing interest in data based models. Linear models can successfully represent the engine operation in some reduced regions, but tend to fail when large operating regions must be considered. This motivates the interest in deriving and using gain scheduling models or their natural extension, the linear parameter varying (LPV) models. In this article we propose to model the air path of diesel engines using input–output LPV models with a physically motivated structure and parameters estimated from data. These models are shown to combine good precision with simplicity and allow the systematic design of optimal and robust control systems, and can be determined in a very short time if sufficient data are available.     

Room-temperature magnetoresistance effects of Ag-added Fe3O4 films with single-domain grains

Polycrystalline Ag_x(Fe₃O₄)_1−x films (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) have been prepared by the sol-gel method in combination of the spin-coating technique with a precursor solution containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on fused quartz substrates. XRD analysis and SEM images indicate that the Fe₃O₄ grains are nearly spherical single-domain particles. The coercivities of the films are about 290 Oe for x=0.1 and 360 Oe for x=0.3, respectively, which are nearly the same as the magnetocrystalline anisotropic effective field H_K of Fe₃O₄. At 300 K, the x=0.1 film has a maximal magnetoresistance of −8.7% at a magnetic field of 50 kOe and −3.5% at 8.8 kOe, while the pure Fe₃O₄ film is only −2.2% at 8.8 kOe. This enhancement of the MR can be attributed to the contribution from the spin-dependent scattering at the Ag-Fe₃O₄ interfaces as well as the spin-polarized tunneling at boundaries of Fe₃O₄ grains of the spin-polarized electrons. In addition, different MR behaviors for Ag-added Fe₃O₄ bulk polycrystalline samples and polycrystalline films are discussed.