全文获取类型
收费全文 | 550篇 |
免费 | 24篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 308篇 |
晶体学 | 3篇 |
力学 | 9篇 |
数学 | 66篇 |
物理学 | 189篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 15篇 |
2020年 | 14篇 |
2019年 | 10篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2016年 | 24篇 |
2015年 | 18篇 |
2014年 | 16篇 |
2013年 | 30篇 |
2012年 | 44篇 |
2011年 | 38篇 |
2010年 | 21篇 |
2009年 | 14篇 |
2008年 | 23篇 |
2007年 | 29篇 |
2006年 | 24篇 |
2005年 | 19篇 |
2004年 | 22篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 9篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 5篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
1959年 | 3篇 |
1958年 | 3篇 |
1955年 | 4篇 |
1927年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有575条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Evolutionary algorithms are applied as problem-independent optimization algorithms. They are quite efficient in many situations. However, it is difficult to analyze even the behavior of simple variants of evolutionary algorithms like the (1+1) EA on rather simple functions. Nevertheless, only the analysis of the expected run time and the success probability within a given number of steps can guide the choice of the free parameters of the algorithms. Here static (1+1) EAs with a fixed mutation probability are compared with dynamic (1+1) EAs with a simple schedule for the variation of the mutation probability. The dynamic variant is first analyzed for functions typically chosen as example-functions for evolutionary algorithms. Afterwards, it is shown that it can be essential to choose the suitable variant of the (1+1) EA. More precisely, functions are presented where each static (1+1) EA has exponential expected run time while the dynamic variant has polynomial expected run time. For other functions it is shown that the dynamic (1+1) EA has exponential expected run time while a static (1+1) EA with a good choice of the mutation probability has polynomial run time with overwhelming probability. 相似文献
2.
W. Wegener 《Physics letters. A》1981,81(8):460-462
Manning's method of calculating the ratio of mobility and diffusion coefficient in ionic conductors, sensitive to the type of particle jumps, is analytic. This paper presents a computer orientated treatment in terms of an averaging procedure recently proposed. 相似文献
3.
Kotel'nikova N. E. Wegener G. Paakkari T. Serimaa R. Demidov V. N. Serebriakov A. S. Shchukarev A. V. Gribanov A. V. 《Russian Journal of General Chemistry》2003,73(3):418-426
Diffusion of silver ions into a cellulose matrix and their subsequent reduction both with the matrix itself and with specific reducers lead to preparation of cellulose materials containing silver(0). Most silver metal is intercalated into the cellulose matrix when glycerol is used as solvent and potassium hypophosphite or sodium boron hydrate are used as reducers. 相似文献
4.
Albrecht H Binder U Harder G Lembke-Koppitz I Philipp A Schmidt-Parzefall W Schröder H Schulz HD Wurth R Donker JP Drescher A Matthiesen U Scheck H Spaan B Spengler J Wegener aD Gabriel JC Schubert KR Stiewe J Waldi R Weseler S Brown NN Edwards KW Frisken WR Fukunaga C Gilkinson DJ Gingrich DM Goddard M Kapitza H Kim PC Kutschke R MacFarlane DB McKenna JA McLean KW Nilsson AW Orr RS Padley P Patel PM Prentice JD Seywerd HC Stacey BJ Yoon T Yun JC Ammar R Coppage D Davis R Kanekal S Kwak N 《Physical review letters》1986,56(6):549-552
5.
A. Breakstone G. Claesson H. B. Crawley G. M. Dallavalle K. Doroba D. Drijard F. Fabbri A. Firestone M. A. Faessler H. G. Fischer S. Y. Fung S. Garpman W. Geist G. Giacomelli R. Gokieli M. Gorbics C. R. Gruhn P. Hanke M. Heiden W. Herr T. J. Ketel E. E. Kluge J. W. Lamsa T. Lohse I. Lund R. Mankel W. T. Meyer G. Mornacchi T. Nakada I. Otterlund M. Panter H. Pugh A. Putzer K. Rauschnabel B. Rensch F. Rimondi M. Schmelling G. P. Siroli R. Sosnowski E. Stenlund M. Szczekowski R. Szwed O. Ullaland R. Walczak D. Wegener M. Wunsch 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1986,30(4):507-512
The relative yields of kaons and protons compared with the yield of pions at highp T and polar angles θ away from 90° (in the range from 10° to 45°) are presented forpp, dd, and αα interactions at a centre-of-mass energy \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 31\) GeV per nucleon-nucleon collision. The measured particle ratios depend on the atomic mass numberA of the beam particles and on θ. TheA dependence of the ratios becomes stronger for largerp T and is more pronounced at smaller polar angles. 相似文献
6.
The influence of ionic strength on the complexes formed by natural bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 5.4 (near the isoelectric point), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous buffered (sodium acetate) solution was investigated by using surface tension, fluorescence and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. Ionic strength was varied by changing sodium acetate buffer concentration from 0.020 to 0.5 M. Surface tension revealed that SDS:BSA saturation binding occurs at psp = 42 +/- 2 mM, independent of the solution ionic strength. Further, SAXS curves are consistent with the necklace and bead model, where micelle-like aggregates are randomly distributed along the partial unfolded protein. Micelle-like aggregates grow from small spheres at 10 mM SDS to small ellipsoids (upsilon = 1.3 , ratio between the largest and the shortest axes) near psp, in good agreement with micellar aggregation numbers obtained by fluorescence, independent of salt concentration. Protein-bound micelles stop growing above psp and further SDS addition induces free-micelle formation. 相似文献
7.
8.
Alessandro D'Aprano Camillo La Mesa Noemi Proietti Bianca Sesta Sonia Tatone 《Journal of solution chemistry》1994,23(12):1331-1346
The interactions between octyl--D-glucoside and glycine in water have been investigated by surface tension, viscosity, and density measurements. The results show that the -amino acid causes an unexpected lowering of the critical micellar concentration of octyl--D-glucoside. Such a finding has been interpreted in temss of dipole-dipole interactions between the hydrophilic site of the surfactant and the peptidic cosluttes. From three to seven amino acid molecules have been estimated to be coordinated with each glucoside unity in the micellar state. The research has been extended to glycine oligopeptides and L-lysine. The latter compound has effects similar to those observed with glycine whereas diglycine and triglycine show weaker effects on the micellization process. 相似文献
9.
Bonini BF Comes-Franchini M Mazzanti G Ricci A Sala M 《The Journal of organic chemistry》1996,61(21):7242-7243
10.
Alvisi D Blart E Bonini BF Mazzanti G Ricci A Zani P 《The Journal of organic chemistry》1996,61(20):7139-7146
The palladium-catalyzed desilylation-arylation of substituted vinylsilanes by p-iodoanisole in the presence of bidentate phosphine ligands is described. Apart from enhancing the rate of the reaction considerably, heteroatom-based functional groups in the vinylsilane moiety have a profound influence on the regiochemistry. A catalytic cycle for the chelation-controlled desilylation-arylation reaction involving five- and six-membered chelate rings is proposed. 相似文献