Design of organophosphorus materials for organic electronics and bio-applications

π-Extended molecules are key components for the development of materials science. In fact, polyaromatic structures are fundamental for the scientific and technological progress of fields such as organic electronics and bio-applications. Beneficial properties of π-extended structures are absorption in the visible region, often luminescence, high electron mobilities and stability. Common approaches to adjust the properties of polyaromatic structures to functional setups involve changes in shape and size at the molecular level. Recently, incorporating hetero-elements emerged as successful approach. In this regard, organophosphorus conjugated molecules are new materials holding great promise for potential applications. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the design/development of polyaromatic phosphorus materials and their applicability. We establish structure/property/applicability relationships to provide key guidelines for the engineering of newer, future applications. This article thus provides a source of information for the further development of this rapidly evolving field of research.     

Recent progress in applications of graphene oxide for gas sensing: A review

This paper is a review of the recent progress on gas sensors using graphene oxide (GO). GO is not a new material but its unique features have recently been of interest for gas sensing applications, and not just as an intermediate for reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Graphene and RGO have been well known gas-sensing materials, but GO is also an attractive sensing material that has been well studied these last few years. The functional groups on GO nanosheets play important roles in adsorbing gas molecules, and the electric or optical properties of GO materials change with exposure to certain gases. Addition of metal nanoparticles and metal oxide nanocomposites is an effective way to make GO materials selective and sensitive to analyte gases. In this paper, several applications of GO based sensors are summarized for detection of water vapor, NO₂, H₂, NH₃, H₂S, and organic vapors. Also binding energies of gas molecules onto graphene and the oxygenous functional groups are summarized, and problems and possible solutions are discussed for the GO-based gas sensors.     

Recent advances in electrochemical sensors for antibiotics and their applications

The abuse of antibiotics will cause an increase of drug-resistant strains and environmental pollution,which in turn will affect human health.Therefore,it is important to develop effective detection techniques to determine the level of antibiotics contamination in various fields.Compared with traditional detection methods,electrochemical sensors have received extensive attention due to their advantages such as high sensitivity,low detection limit,and good selectivity.In this mini review,we summarized the latest developments and new trends in electrochemical sensors for antibiotics.Here,modification methods and materials of electrode are discussed.We also pay more attention to the practical applications of antibiotics electrochemical sensors in different fields.In addition,the existing problems and the future challenges ahead have been proposed.We hope that this review can provide new ideas for the development of electrochemical sensors for antibiotics in the future.     

THERMAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS—AN IMPORTANT ANALYTICAL TOOL

ABSTRACT

This review is intended to present an introduction to the use of thermal neutron activation analysis (TNAA) as an analytical technique for the determination of elements in almost all kinds of matrices. This method of analysis is generally multi-element and experimental conditions can be designed to be nondestructive to the sample. This review will focus on thermal neutron activation as this technique allows determination of approximately two-thirds of the elements on the periodic chart. There are also more and wider spread facilities in the United States that offer these services. The available facilities are located across the United States and are generally accessible to everyone. The review will also detail the advantages and disadvantages of TNAA compared to other common spectroscopic methods. An outline of the general procedure for performing the analysis of the elements using activation analysis is presented to emphasize the ease of using this technique. The outline is divided into sections that give the general procedure, how to choose the correct nuclear reaction and reaction product, and the main sources of errors that can affect the results of the study. These sources of error are subdivided into general types of errors. The general types of errors are divided into those related to pre-chemistry, problems associated with the irradiation of the samples, errors associated with the use of nuclear constants (cross sections, half-lives, transition probabilities, etc.), the choice of the correct reaction and reaction product, and those associated with the counting of the irradiated samples. The general theory of activation analysis is presented and summarizes the derivation of the equations used and the development of the comparator method of analysis. The comparator method is used to simplify the method by irradiating samples along with standards. This reduces the need for using the nuclear constants and thus reducing errors. The use of radiochemical separations to isolate analytes of choice from the radioactive matrix is also described. Some current literature is also included to give a feel for current applications of the use of thermal neutron activation analyses. The summary also describes some of the different matrices that have been used for analyses.     

Comparison of solutions of stochastic equations and applications

Pathwise comparison of solutions to a class of stochastic systems of differential equations is proved which extends the existing result of Geiβ and Manthey. When the diffusion coefficients are defferent, the Gal’?huk-Davis method is extended to establish the comparision results. We illustrate our results with several examples some of which arise in stochastic finance theory     

浅谈黄原胶及其在农药制剂加工中的应用

黄原胶是极具发展潜力的生物多糖,独特的分子结构使其具有良好的增稠、乳化和稳定作用,已被广泛应用于日用化工、石油开采、纺织印染、食品、医药、涂料、农药等众多工业领域,拥有广阔的市场前景。本文对黄原胶的结构、特性、生产工艺以及主要应用领域等进行了简单综述,总结了黄原胶在农药制剂加工中的应用现状,指出黄原胶优越的流变特性对悬浮剂、水乳剂、悬乳剂等农药制剂悬浮稳定性的提高具有重大意义,最后展望了黄原胶未来的发展前景。     

MALDI-MS of drugs: Profiling,imaging, and steps towards quantitative analysis

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a soft ionization technique which can be used in mass spectrometry to produce ions from biomolecules without inducing the fragmentation associated with traditional methods of ionization. When used with small molecules, the lack of fragmentation allows identification of specific molecules against a background of alternative signals; thus, for example, the presence of drug molecules and metabolites can be distinguished from a range of alternative biomolecules present within a tissue sample. Using highly collimated lasers in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) allows imaging of a tissue sample whereby the laser is rastered across the sample and individual mass spectra are collected in a serial manner. Thus, the distribution of the molecules within the tissue sample can be presented in the form of a 2D image. While the detection of specific drug molecules and metabolites within biological samples has its uses, quantification of those same molecules would be of greater benefit in a clinical setting. However, accurate quantification presents additional challenges. We present an overview of the MALDI-MS technique followed by recent progress in profiling drugs and their metabolites through imaging drug distributions within tissues and finish with recent developments in the quantification of drugs in tissues by MALDI-MSI.     

Selective area laser deposition of FCC beta silicon carbide

Silicon Carbide (SiC) has been deposited onto an alumina substrate by the thermal decomposition of the gaseous precursor tetramethylsilane (TMS). A 500 W ytterbium fibre laser was used to heat the surface of an alumina substrate locally, resulting in deposition of SiC at the sample surface. The SiC deposit was analysed using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The deposit was confirmed to be silicon carbide and found to be face centre cubic (FCC) crystal structure. Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the stoichiometry of the deposit which initially was found to be carbon rich. Further analysis by Raman spectroscopy suggests the deposit may be more stoichiometric following a two hour thermal treatment of the sample at 600 degrees celcius in an atmosphere of air.     

Optimal media planning for multi-products in segmented market

Promotion is an essential stage of any product life cycle. All firms either concerned with single or multiple products promote their products. Advertising is the most dominated form of promotion for most of the products. Our research focuses on firms which produces a multiple range of products and advertise them using available media options. The budget constraint forms the major restriction. The existing research in media allocation of multiple products ignores the market segmentation and formulates the media plan assuming all segments alike. In this paper we formulate a media planning problem for allocating the available budget in multiple media that are found suitable for the advertising of multiple products considering marketing segmentation aspect of advertising. The objective is to maximize the total reach in all the segments. Goal programming technique is used to solve the problem. A case study is presented to show the real life application of the model.     

纳米材料在生物学及医学领域的应用

任何化学物质如金属、半导体、核-壳杂化材料及有机高分子等均可形成纳米材料,由于纳米材料较小的粒径、较大的比表面积,使其具有优异的光学、电学、磁学及催化性能.利用物理、化学、生物学及医学等手段,可以对纳米材料的尺度、粒径分布、形貌、表面性质及带隙等进行调控,从而使其具有特殊的性质及应用.本文就纳米材料在生物学及医学领域包...