北魏墓彩绘陶俑颜料的显微拉曼光谱分析

利用拉曼光谱对洛阳地区两座北魏墓出土陶俑的彩绘颜料进行了分析, 与标准颜料样品的拉曼光谱相比较, 识别出了陶俑所使用的红色、黑色、白色和蓝色颜料的显色成分。研究结果表明, 显微拉曼光谱分析技术非常适合对古墓葬彩绘陶俑进行成分分析。     

Raman Microspectroscopic study of Iberian pottery from the La Vispesa archaeological site,Spain

Raman microspectroscopy has been employed for the characterization of 16 samples of ancient Iberian pottery. These sherds of vessels were found in the archaeological site of La Vispesa in Tamarite de Litera (Huesca, Spain) and correspond to the Iberian time. The composition of certain mineral phases such as non‐plastic inclusions has been particularly considered with a view to obtaining information on the source materials and their provenance, as well as the technological conditions of ceramic production. Typical minerals such as calcite and quartz were found in most of the samples. The presence of anatase in a group of the samples suggested the use of different clays in the production of the vessels. Furthermore, the absence of rutile in these samples, together with the identification of calcite, is indicative of a mild firing temperature. Hematite was identified in all samples, both in the ceramic body and in the decoration. Differences in the position of the bands and relative intensities characterized hematite in terms of crystallinity and origin. An attempt to assign the samples to different production centers was made according to their chemical composition and morphology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical characterisation of ancient pottery from south of Italy by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) Statistical multivariate analysis of data

Chemical characterisation has been carried out on 58 fragments of archaeological pottery from pre-classical sites in Apulia and Lucania, regions in southern Italy. Fourteen elements were determined by atomic emission spectroscopy by using inductively coupled plasma source. Statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis and clustering analysis, have been utilised to define grouping of different pottery items. Tests performed showed that the analysed shards were differentiable mainly by age and provenance.     

Non-Destructive In-Situ Study of White and Black Coating on Painted Pottery Sherds From Bancun Site (Henan,China) by Raman Microscopy

Abstract

Pottery sherds from the archaeological site of Bancun (Henan, China) were analyzed by Raman microscopy and the pigments used in the coating of this ancient (c. 4000–5000 BC) pottery were determined. It was found that bauxite was used to make the white pigment. The black coating was identified as a magnetite and its particle size was in the nanometer range. This work also showed that the size of pigment had influence on the color of the coating. In principle, Raman spectra could be used not only to identify the mineral source of the pigment but also to estimate the particle size of the pigments.     

The investigation of ancient pottery

Summary Ancient ceramic samples (single fragments and different parts of pots, unbroken and repaired; total about 180 samples) dated from the transitional period of late Bronze to early Iron Age (VIII-VI centuries BC) and early Iron Age (VII-IV centuries BC) were investigated by thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, petrography, and scanning electron microscopy equipped with the energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. In addition to that, to identify the clay sources for the ceramic manufacturing, about 15 samples of clays and soils found near archeological digs and taken from the mineralogical museum were investigated. We found out that the calcite content of ceramics is a very informative parameter for the identification of the clay source for the pottery manufactured at low technological level (low-temperature firing).     

An integrated spectroscopic approach to investigate pigments and engobes on pre‐Roman pottery

Painted Canosa ceramics were examined to identify the nature of the pigments employed and their manufacturing technology. A multi‐technique approach was used, comprising Raman microspectroscopy and laser ablation hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). The analysed samples were mainly produced for burial in tombs and were not intended for everyday use. They belong to the period between the end of the mid‐7th century and the first half of the 4th century BC, and were excavated from the Toppicelli archaeological district near the suburbs of Canosa (Puglia, Italy). Forty‐eight pottery fragments were available for this study. No handling of the samples was required for the Raman study, and it was possible to excise the pigmented layer in such a way that the lacunae were not distinguishable to the naked eye due to the micrometric size of the laser spot as far as LA‐ICP‐MS is concerned. Their combination turned out to be quite useful for the investigation of these archaeological materials: the chemical nature of the white, red, brown and black pigments employed in the pottery manufacture was investigated. Iron and manganese compounds were identified as the red and brown/black main colouring substances, respectively; on the other hand, whites and engobes (whitish slips) were based on kaolinite. This set of colouring substances is of importance, as it enabled the artisan to obtain in one oxidising firing cycle brown, black and red paints. Finally, the finding of manganese black in these Canosa potsherds confirms that Canosa was an important centre connecting the near East to central Italy and Europe since the pre‐Roman age. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman and infrared analysis of glues used for pottery conservation treatments

The conservation of ceramics and glass involves the repair or the restoration of broken and fragmented artefacts with polymer adhesives and gap fillers. In the past, many different adhesives had been used. Re‐restoration is often required and the fast identification of adhesive residues on objects would be very useful to define the best of way to remove them, in particular to avoid the use of noxious chemicals. Sixteen pottery artefacts restored during the 19th and 20th centuries at the Musée National de Céramique in Sèvres have been analysed by non‐destructive Raman microspectroscopy. For comparison purposes, the artefacts were also sampled in order to acquire infrared (IR) absorption spectra in KBr pellets. Modern adhesives (methyl metacrylate/acrylate, vinyl acetate, polychloroprene, methyl 2‐cyanoacrylate and diglycidylether biphenol) were also characterised with the same methods. IR and Raman spectra were obtained for all ancient glue residues, but among the 16 analysed items, only 7 adhesives have been identified unambiguously, and an assignment proposed for 4 others solely on the basis of the Raman signature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于DEA的钦州坭兴陶产业发展绩效及企业经营评价

不少非物质文化遗产能够进行产业化经营,成为可经营性非物质文化遗产.广西壮族自治区钦州市坭兴陶烧制传统技艺,其产业化市场潜力较高,适宜合理的市场开发,以便更好地传承和发展该非物质文化遗产.运用动态DEA-Malmquist指数模型,对钦州市坭兴陶产业绩效进行动态纵向评价,研究该产业当中8个企业的生产经营绩效变化及影响因子,发现该产业的资源利用率、生产绩效和规模报酬的发展态势,从而为钦州坭兴陶产业的发展提供参考依据.     

Spectrum Analysis of the Colored Pottery Figurines from Yangling Tombs of the Han Dynasty

ABSTRACT

The analysis of the colored pottery figurines from Yangling Tombs of the Han Dynasty was realized by X-ray diffraction, emission spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). Consequent results showed that the colored components were respectively mercuric(II) sulphide, ferric (III) oxide, and carbon, among which mercuric(II) sulphide was an artificial pigment.     

Illusion and reality in the quantum world

Often considered as the last ‘encyclopedist’, Henri Poincaré died one hundred years ago. If he was a prominent man in 1900 French Society, his heritage is not so clearly recognised, particularly in France. Among his too often misunderstood works is his contribution to the theory of relativity, mainly because it is almost never presented within Poincaré's general approach to science, including his philosophical writings. Our aim is therefore to provide an historical account of the main steps (experimental as well as theoretical) which led Poincaré to contribute to the theory of relativity. Starting from the optical experiments which led to the inconsistency of the classical (Galilean) composition law for velocities to explain light propagation, we introduce the FitzGerald and Lorentz contraction which was viewed as the ‘sole hypothesis’ to explain the Michelson and Morley experiment. We then show that Poincaré's contribution starts with a discussion of the principles governing the mechanics and was built step by step up to express in all its generality the principle of relativity. Poincaré thus showed the invariance of the Maxwell equations under the Lorentz transformation. In doing so, he also discovered the right composition law for velocities. Poincaré's approach to philosophy is detailed to help the reader to understand what a theory meant to him.