Determination,residue and risk assessment of trifloxystrobin,trifloxystrobin acid and tebuconazole in Chinese rice consumption

A simple and rapid analytical method for the detection of trifloxystrobin, trifloxystrobin acid and tebuconazole in soil, brown rice, paddy plants and rice hulls was established and validated by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Acceptable linearity (R² > 0.99), accuracy (average recoveries of 74.3–108.5%) and precision (intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations of 0.9–8.8%) were obtained using the developed determination approach. In the field trial, the half-lives of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in paddy plants were 5.7–8.3 days in three locations throughout China, and the terminal residue concentrations of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole were <100 and 500 μg/kg (maximum residue limits set by China), respectively, at harvest, which indicated that, based on the recommended application procedure, trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole are safe for use on rice. The risk assessment results demonstrated that, owing to risk quotient values of both fungicides being <100%, the potential risk of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on rice was acceptable for Chinese consumers. These data could provide supporting information for the proper use and safety evaluation of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in rice.     

Optimisation of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of betalains and polyphenols from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol

The present study optimised the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol. Influence of temperature (25.86–54.14 °C) and ultrasonic power densities (UPD) (76.01–273.99 mW/mL) on total betalains (BT), betacyanins (BC), betaxanthins (BX), total polyphenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AA), colour parameters (L*, a*, and b*), amaranthine (A), and isoamaranthine (IA) were evaluated using response surface methodology. Moreover, betalain extraction kinetics and mass transfer coefficients (K_La) were determined for each experimental condition. BT, BC, BX, TP, AA, b*, K_La, and A were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by temperature extraction and UPD, whereas L*, a*, and IA were only affected (p < 0.05) by temperature. All response models were significantly validated with regression coefficients (R²) ranging from 87.46 to 99.29%. BT, A, IA, and K_La in UAE were 1.38, 1.65, 1.50, and 29.93 times higher than determined using conventional extraction, respectively. Optimal UAE conditions were obtained at 41.80 °C and 188.84 mW/mL using the desired function methodology. Under these conditions, the experimental values for BC, BX, BT, TP, AA, L*, a*, b*, K_La, A, and IA were closely related to the predicted values, indicating the suitability of the developed quadratic models. This study proposes a simple and efficient UAE method to obtain betalains and polyphenols with high antioxidant activity, which can be used in several applications within the food industry.     

锰离子氧化沉淀法实现锂离子电池LiNi0.8Co0.05Mn0.15O2材料的回收和利用

以浓盐酸为浸出剂,以NaOH和NH₄HCO₃为沉淀剂,利用Mn²⁺在碱性条件下的氧化反应改变离子的沉淀次序进而分步回收的方案,探究了浓盐酸酸浸处理三元正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.05Mn_0.15O₂的最佳条件。在分步沉淀过程中,Mn²⁺被氧化为不溶于非还原性酸的MnO （OH）₂,并在酸性条件下回收。Ni、Co则在碱性条件下利用NaOH回收,而Li则利用NH₄HCO₃回收。该方法中Mn的回收率达到85.1%,产品纯度达到98.6%; Li的回收率达到95.0%,产品纯度达到99.3%。由回收材料重新合成的三元正极组装的软包电池的首圈放电比容量达到了175 mAh·g^-1,可以以超过99.5%的库仑效率稳定循环50圈。     

高中化学“物质转化及反应调控”项目式学习*——我是米酒酿造师

以“我是米酒酿造师——如何在家中酿造出美味可口的米酒”为项目主题,在化学、生物学科融合的大背景下,开展“物质转化及反应调控”的教学。通过“了解米酒酿造的原理、探究米酒酿造的影响因素、设计米酒酿造的方案”等3个核心活动,落实典型有机化合物的性质、有机化合物之间的转化等核心知识;在解决实际问题的过程中体会控制变量思想在科学探究中的重要作用,体会调控化学反应的速率和限度的重要意义。     

基于多特征算法选择的太赫兹时域光谱用于水稻种子掺假研究

该文提出了一种基于太赫兹时域光谱的水稻种子模式识别方法。实验以10种不同品牌混合掺假的水稻种子为样本,基于采集的样本太赫兹时域光谱数据,通过建立Relief、随机森林（RF）、支持向量机递归特征消除（SVM-RFE）和最大相关最小冗余（mRMR）模型分别对样本光谱波长进行特征选择,最后设计分类器对4种特征选择方法处理后的样本进行分类识别。结果表明,基于布谷鸟算法（CS）优化的极限学习机模型对经RF特征选择算法提取后的样本光谱数据具有最佳识别效果,其准确率可达100%,实验对于法庭科学领域内种子的掺假鉴定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Hydrogenation of Epoxides to Anti-Markovnikov Alcohols over a Nickel Heterogenous Catalyst Prepared from Biomass (Rice) Waste

The synthesis of primary alcohols (from olefins) is an important and challenging transformation, as most of the current methods suffer from regioselectivity issues. This work describes the utilization of rice husk (RH) from agricultural waste as support for the preparation of a catalyst for the conversion of olefin oxides to primary alcohols. The catalyst was synthesized by pyrolysis of RH impregnated with nickel, and characterized by IR, AAS, XRD, BET, XPS, TEM, and TPD technics. The catalyst shows excellent activity and selectivity towards anti-Markovnikov alcohols, acting simultaneously as Brønsted acid, solid Lewis acid, and as hydrogenation catalyst. A substrate screening was done, the catalyst's recycling stability was assessed, and a plausibly reaction mechanism was proposed.     

不同提取方法对所得稻壳基木质素的影响研究

本文以稻壳这种在我国来源十分丰富的农业副产物为原料,采用三种方法(乙二醇法、乙醇法、碱法)提取稻壳中的木质素,考察相应处理条件下的木质素提取率、羟基含量来确定提取适宜条件。乙二醇提取法所得木质素的羟基值和产率可以分别达到275.2mg/g和45.2%;乙醇法在适宜的提取条件下得到稻壳基木质素羟基值和产率分别为269.1mg/g和51.1%;碱溶液提取法可获得羟基值和产率分别为324.7mg/g和64.1%的碱木质素,无论何种木质素都富含活性官能团为后续再利用提供条件。     

Optimizing pyrolysis temperature of contaminated rice straw biochar: Heavy metal(loid) deportment,properties evolution,and Pb adsorption/immobilization

Pyrolysis of rice straw (RS), a popular method for producing biochar, effectively treats heavy metal(loid)-contaminated RS. Here, we carried out this process at different temperatures and investigated the deportment of heavy metal(loid)s and the property evolution of biochars. Also, the optimal pyrolysis temperature for Pb adsorption and immobilization was studied. We observed that increasing the temperature could volatilize the heavy metal(loid)s. Cd was the most volatile metal therein, followed by As, while Ni, Cu, and Pb were relatively refractory. More than 75% of the remaining heavy metal(loid)s were non-exchangeable fractions at 700 °C, significantly reducing the environmental risk during subsequent application. Meanwhile, higher pyrolysis temperature resulted in higher pH values, higher surface areas, and stronger Pb adsorption capacity of RS biochars. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q_m) of biochars was in the order of BC300 (77.2 mg·g^?1) < BC500 (137.2 mg·g^?1) < BC700 (222.6 mg·g^?1). Besides, high-temperature biochar could significantly reduce the vertical Pb migration. And BC700 increased the fraction of residual Pb from 39.7% to 44.0% in the soil under the acid rain leaching condition. Therefore, we propose that the heavy metal(loid)-contaminated RS biochar produced at 700 °C might be more suitable for the remediation of soil heavily polluted in the Pb-smelting area.     

高精度镉同位素分析样品消解方法对比研究

为考察不同消解方法的优缺点以及对不同基质样品(沉积物和大米)Cd同位素组成的影响,该文采用干法灰化法、酸提取法、微波消解法和高温高压密闭消解法等消解方法对水系沉积物(GSD)进行消解处理,比较了不同消解方法对沉积物Cd同位素组成测定的影响。随后使用微波消解法和高温高压密闭消解法对大米标准物质以及实际大米样品进行了消解。结果表明：高温高压密闭消解法所获得的沉积物Cd同位素测试结果在国内外文献报道的参考值范围内,能够满足同位素测定要求。而使用干法灰化法和酸提取法消解样品时,由于存在元素损失或消解不完全,标准物质Cd元素的回收率偏低(低至72.8%),导致同位素测试结果显著偏离真实值(Δ114/110Cd值最大偏差达0.24‰)。微波消解法处理标准物质Cd元素的回收率在96.6%~98.8%范围内,且同位素测试结果与高温高压密闭消解法结果吻合良好(Δ114/110Cd≤±0.04‰),表明微波消解法可以满足沉积物Cd同位素的测定要求,能够获得准确的Cd同位素组成数据。对大米标准物质和实际大米样品进行消解,所获得的Cd同位素测试结果与上述沉积物样品结果相同(Δ114/110Cd≤±0.04‰),进一步验证了微波消解法的可靠性,证实微波消解法可用于沉积物及植物样品(大米)Cd同位素分析的快速消解。     

微孔有机聚合物固相微萃取纤维的制备及在有机氯农药检测中的应用

利用1,3,6,8-四(4-醛基)芘和三聚氰胺为单体合成微孔有机聚合物(MOP),并将其固定在不锈钢丝上,制备成固相微萃取纤维涂层。将其用于顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME),结合气相色谱-电子捕获检测手段,建立了对大米中有机氯农药的在线检测方法。实验考察了4种实验参数对富集能力的影响,得到了最优的实验条件:萃取温度80℃、萃取时间25 min、NaCl质量浓度200 g/L、解吸时间6 min。在此实验条件下,对有机氯农药的富集倍数达到115~318倍。方法在0.05~50μg/kg范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限为2.4~11.3 ng/kg。同一纤维及不同纤维富集后测定结果的相对标准偏差范围分别为1.3%~13.1%和2.3%~13.6%。该方法简单、快速,可以实现对实际样品中有机氯农药的痕量分析。