Voltammetric Detection of Lead(II) Using Amide‐Cyclam‐ Functionalized Silica‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes

2‐(4,8,11‐Triscarbamoylmethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradec‐1‐yl)acetamide (TETAM) derivatives bearing 1, 2, or 4 silylated arms have been synthesized and grafted to the surface of silica gel and ordered mesoporous silica samples. The resulting organic‐inorganic hybrids have been incorporated into carbon paste electrodes and applied to the preconcentration electroanalysis of Pb(II). The attractive recognition properties of these cyclam derivatives functionalized with amide pendent groups toward Pb(II) species and the highly porous structure of the adsorbents can be exploited for the selective and sensitive detection of the target analyte. Various parameters affecting the preconcentration and detection steps have been discussed with respect to the composition and pH of both accumulation and detection media, the nature of the adsorbent (number of silylated groups linking the macrocycle to silica, texture of materials), the accumulation time, and the presence of interfering cations. Under optimal conditions and for 2 min accumulation at open‐circuit, the voltammetric response increased linearly with the Pb(II) concentration in a range extending from 2×10^?7 to 10^?5 M, while a longer accumulation time of 15 min afforded a linear calibration curve between 10^?8 and 10^?7 M with a detection limit of 2.7×10^?9 M which is well below the European regulatory limit of lead in consumption water.     

Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a Useful Tool for Fast Evaluation of Anion and Cation Complexation Abilities of a Cyclam Derivative

Electrospray ionization mass espectrometry (ESI-MS) has been used for the study of a cyclam derivative noncovalent interactions. At acidic pH, diprotonated macrocycle bound to different anionic species were observed. The selectivity shown by competitive experiments is rationalized with the help of semiempirical theoretical calculations. At basic pH, the base peak corresponded to the macrocycle-alkaline metal complexes, and again competition experiments showed different binding strength. Finally, experiments carried out in the presence of transition metal salts allowed the detection of the complexes present in the mixture and revealed their different kinetic behavior.     

High thermodynamic stability and extraordinary kinetic inertness of copper(II) complexes with 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-bis(methylphosphonic acid): example of a rare isomerism between kinetically inert penta- and hexacoordinated copper(II) complexes

In an aqueous solution at room temperature, 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-bis(methylphosphonic acid) (H(4)L(1)) and Cu(I) (I) form a pentacoordinated (pc) complex, pc-[Cu(L(1))](2-), exhibiting conformation I of the cyclam ring. At high temperature, the complex isomerises to a hexacoordinated isomer, trans-O,O-[Cu(L(1))](2-), with a trans-III conformation of the cyclam ring. In pc-[Cu(L(1))](2-), four ring nitrogen atoms and one phosphonate oxygen atom are arranged around Cu(I) (I) in a structure that is half-way between a trigonal bipyramid and a tetragonal pyramid, with one phosphonic acid group uncoordinated. In the trans-O,O-[Cu(L(1))](2-) isomer, the nitrogen atoms form a plane and the phosphonic acid groups are in a mutually trans configuration. A structurally very similar ligand, 4-methyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-bis(methylphosphonic acid) (H(4)L(2)), forms an analogous pentacoordinated complex, pc-[Cu(L(2))](2-), at room temperature. However, the complex does not isomerise to the octahedral complex analogous to trans-O,O-[Cu(L(1))](2-). Because of the high thermodynamic stability of pc-[Cu(L(1))](2-), (logbeta=25.40(4), 25 degrees C, I=0.1 mol dm(-3) KNO(3)) and the formation of protonated species, Cu(I) (I) is fully complexed in acidic solution (-log [H(+)] approximately 3). Acid-assisted decomplexation of both of the isomers of [Cu(H(2)L(1))] takes place only after protonation of both uncoordinated oxygen atoms of each phosphonate moiety and at least one nitrogen atom of the cycle. The exceptional kinetic inertness of both isomers is illustrated by their half-lives tau(1/2)=19.7 min for pc-[Cu(H(2)L(1))] and tau(1/2) about seven months for trans-O,O-[Cu(H(2)L(1))] for decomplexation in 5 M HClO(4) at 25 degrees C. The mechanism of formation of pc-[Cu(L(1))](2-) is similar to those observed for other macrocyclic complexes.     

New Photosensitizers Based on Heteroleptic CuI Complexes and CO2 Photocatalytic Reduction with [NiII(cyclam)]Cl2

Earth-abundant metal complexes have been attracting increasing attention in the field of photo(redox)catalysis. In this work, the synthesis and full characterisation of four new heteroleptic Cu^I complexes are reported, which can work as photosensitizers. The complexes bear a bulky diphosphine (DPEPhos=bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether) and a diimine chelating ligand based on 1-benzyl-4-(quinol-2′yl)-1,2,3-triazole. Their absorption has a relative maximum in the visible-light region, up to 450 nm. Thus, their use in photocatalytic systems for the reduction of CO₂ with blue light in combination with the known catalyst [Ni^II(cyclam)]Cl₂ was tested. This system produced CO as the main product through visible light (λ=420 nm) with a TON up to 8 after 4 hours. This value is in line with other photocatalytic systems using the same catalyst. Nevertheless, this system is entirely noble-metal free.     

Synthesis of a New Ditopic Ligand Possessing Linear and Cyclic Tetraaza Subunits

An easy‐to‐run route to a new ditopic ligand possessing linear and cyclic tetraaza subunits is described. In the first step, the reaction consists in the preparation of a triprotected cyclam bearing a 3‐bromopropyl pendant side chain. A subsequent reaction with a bisaminal protected linear tetraamine gives, after deprotection, the desired ditopic ligand.     

大环多胺型荧光探针的研究进展

大环多胺作为含有多个氮原子和闭合环状结构的一类电子供体,在构筑荧光探针方面具有独特的优势。代表性的大环多胺如四氮环(cyclen、cyclam和pyclen)和三氮环(tacn)等,它们被广泛用于金属离子、阴离子、生物活性小分子和生物大分子探针的识别基团或功能基团。本文依据检测对象的不同,综述近年来大环多胺在荧光探针的设计、制备及应用方面的优秀成果,并对未来其在荧光检测分析领域的进一步发展进行了展望。     

基于Cyclam衍生物的单核金属配合物的结构及核酸酶活性

以1,8-二甲基-1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷为原料,以N,N'-二叔丁氧羰基-2-甲璜酰氧基-1,3-二氨基丙烷为烷基化试剂,合成了cyclam衍生物:1,8-二(N,N'-二叔丁氧羰基-1,3-二氨基异丙基)-4,11-二甲基-1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷(L₁);及其对应的系列单核金属配合物,Zn(L₁)Cl₂ (1),Ni(L₁)Cl₂ (2)和Cu(L₁)Cl₂ (3);核磁结果表明,L₁为C2对称结构,且cyclam环上每一个亚甲基碳上的2个氢化学不等价;利用2D[¹H,¹⁵N]HSQC对比配体配位前后N-H化学位移的变化,确定配合物的结构是金属与配体cyclam环上的4个氮原子配位;利用变温核磁¹H NMR和¹³C NMR,结合2D[¹H,¹⁵N]HSQC核磁共振波谱表明,配合物1在溶液中主要以两种构型并存,并主要以trans-Ⅲ构型存在。此外,用凝胶电泳研究了配体与单核金属配合物对超螺旋pBR322质粒DNA切割活性;实验结果表明,配合物3在抗坏血酸存在的条件下具有核酸酶活性,而配体(L₁),配合物1和配合物2在实验条件下,无论是氧化切割还是水解切割都显阴性。     

基于Cyclam衍生物的单核金属配合物的结构及核酸酶活性

以1,8-二甲基-1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷为原料,以N,N′-二叔丁氧羰基-2-甲璜酰氧基-1,3-二氨基丙烷为烷基化试剂,合成了cyclam衍生物:1,8-二(N,N′-二叔丁氧羰基-1,3-二氨基异丙基)-4,11-二甲基-1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷(L1);及其对应的系列单核金属配合物,Zn(L1)Cl2(1),Ni(L1)Cl2(2)和Cu(L1)Cl2(3);核磁结果表明,L1为C2对称结构,且cyclam环上每一个亚甲基碳上的2个氢化学不等价;利用2D[1H,15N]HSQC对比配体配位前后N-H化学位移的变化,确定配合物的结构是金属与配体cyclam环上的4个氮原子配位;利用变温核磁1H NMR和13C NMR,结合2D[1H,15N]HSQC核磁共振波谱表明,配合物1在溶液中主要以两种构型并存,并主要以trans-Ⅲ构型存在。此外,用凝胶电泳研究了配体与单核金属配合物对超螺旋p BR322质粒DNA切割活性;实验结果表明,配合物3在抗坏血酸存在的条件下具有核酸酶活性,而配体(L1),配合物1和配合物2在实验条件下,无论是氧化切割还是水解切割都显阴性。     

Covalent and ionic Cu(II) complexes with cyclam and substituted benzoato ligands: structural,thermal, redox and mesomorphic properties

A covalent mononuclear complex, [Cu(p–HOC₆H₄COO)₂(cyclam)] (1), and two ionic mononuclear complexes, [Cu(cyclam)(H₂O)₂](p–CH₃OC₆H₄COO)₂ (2) and [Cu(cyclam)(H₂O)₂](p–CH₃(CH₂)₁₅OC₆H₄COO)₂·H₂O (3), were formed from reaction of cyclam with [Cu₂(p–HOC₆H₄COO)₄(H₂O)₂], [Cu₂(p–CH₃OC₆H₄COO)₄(H₂O)₂] and [Cu₂(p-CH₃(CH₂)₁₅OC₆H₄COO)₄(H₂O)₂], respectively. These complexes were isolated as purple crystals with molecular structures showing distorted octahedral N₄O₂ geometry. Complexes 1 and 2 were irreversibly reduced to Cu(I) and oxidized to Cu(III), while 3 was redox inactive. Complex 2 reacted with N-(hexadecyl)isonicotinamide (L) to form [Cu(cyclam)(L)₂](p–CH₃OC₆H₄COO)₂ (4). These complexes were thermally stable (T_dec > 200 °C for 1–3 and 174 °C for 4). Complexes 3 and 4 behaved as ionic liquids (melting temperatures lower than 100 °C) and exhibited mesomorphism.