Multivariate optimization and comparison between conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoid extraction from cashew apple

Carotenoids are an essential component of cashew and can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, natural pigment, food additives, among other applications. The present work focuses on optimizing and comparing conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Every optimization step took place with a 1:1 (w:w) mixture of yellow and red cashew apples lyophilized and ground in a cryogenic mill. A Simplex-centroid design was applied for both methods, and the solvents acetone, methanol, ethanol, and petroleum ether were evaluated. After choosing the extractor solvent, a central composite design was applied to optimize the sample mass (59–201 mg) and extraction time (6–34 min). The optimum conditions for the extractor solvent were 38% acetone, 30% ethanol, and 32% petroleum ether for CE and a mixture of 44% acetone and 56% methanol for UAE. The best experimental conditions for UAE were a sonication time of 19 min and a sample mass of 153 mg, while the CE was 23 min and 136 mg. Comparing red and yellow cashews, red cashews showed a higher carotenoid content in both methodologies. The UAE methodology was ca. 21% faster, presented a more straightforward composition of extracting solution, showed an average yield of superior carotenoid content in all samples compared to CE. Therefore, UAE has demonstrated a simple, efficient, fast, low-cost adjustment methodology and a reliable alternative for other applications involving these bioactive compounds in the studied or similar matrix.     

A note on the finite fractal dimension of the global attractors for dissipative nonlinear Schrödinger‐type equations

In this article, we present, throughout two basic models of damped nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS)–type equations, a new idea to bound from above the fractal dimension of the global attractors for NLS‐type equations. This could answer the following open issue: consider, for instance, the classical one‐dimensional cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation $$u_t+i{u}_{xx}+i|u{|}^{2}u+\gamma u=f,f\in {\mathrm{??}}^2(?).$$ “How can we bound the fractal dimension of the associate global attractor without the need to assume that the external forcing term f has some decay at infinity (that is belonging to some weighted Lebesgue space)?”     

Air-Stable Hexagonal Bipyramidal Dysprosium(III) Single-Ion Magnets with Nearly Perfect D6h Local Symmetry

Eight-coordinated Dy^III centres with D_6h symmetry are expected to act as high-performance single-molecule magnets (SMMs) due to the simultaneous fulfilment of magnetic axiality and a high coordination number (a requisite for air stability). But the experimental realization is challenging due to the requirement of six coordinating atoms in the equatorial plane of the hexagonal bipyramid; this is usually too crowded for the central Dy^III ion. Here a hexaaza macrocyclic Schiff base ligand and finetuned axial alkoxide/phenol-type ligands are used to show that a family of hexagonal bipyramidal Dy^III complexes can be isolated. Among them, three complexes possess nearly perfect D_6h local symmetry. The highest effective magnetic reversal barrier is found at 1338(3) K and an open hysteresis temperature of 6 K at the field sweeping rate of 1.2 mT s⁻¹; this represents a new record for D_6h SMMs.     

Weighted estimates for the multilinear maximal function on the upper half‐spaces

For a general dyadic grid, we give a Calderón–Zygmund type decomposition, which is the principle fact about the multilinear maximal function on the upper half‐spaces. Using the decomposition, we study the boundedness of . We obtain a natural extension to the multilinear setting of Muckenhoupt's weak‐type characterization. We also partially obtain characterizations of Muckenhoupt's strong‐type inequalities with one weight. Assuming the reverse Hölder's condition, we get a multilinear analogue of Sawyer's two weight theorem. Moreover, we also get Hytönen–Pérez type weighted estimates.     

Multiple positive solutions for Schrödinger‐Poisson system involving singularity and critical exponent

In this paper, the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions is established for Schrödinger‐Poisson system of the form where 0 ∈ Ω is a smooth bounded domain in , , and λ > 0 is a real parameter. Combining with the variational method and Nehari manifold method, two positive solutions of the system are obtained.     

On concentration of solution to a Schrödinger logarithmic equation with deepening potential well

In this work, we prove the existence of positive solution for the following class of problems where λ>0 and is a potential satisfying some conditions. Using the variational method developed by Szulkin for functionals, which are the sum of a C¹ functional with a convex lower semicontinuous functional, we prove that for each large enough λ>0, there exists a positive solution for the problem, and that, as λ→+∞, such solutions converge to a positive solution of the limit problem defined on the domain Ω=int(V^?1({0})).     

Synthetic studies toward swinhoeisterol A,a novel steroid with an unusual carbon skeleton

Swinhoeisterol A is a novel steroid with unusual 6/6/5/7 tetracyclic skeleton. The model compound with BCD rings is constructed by Friedel–Crafts acylation and an oxidative dearomatization as key steps.     

Tuning the Reactivity of Cyclopropenes from Living Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) to Single‐Addition and Alternating ROMP

Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has become one of the most important living polymerizations. Cyclopropenes (CPEs) remain underexplored for ROMP. Described here is that the simple swap of 1‐methyl to 1‐phenyl on 1‐(benzoyloxymethyl)CPEs elicited strikingly different modes of reactivity, switching from living polymerization to either selective single‐addition or living alternating ROMP. The distinct reactivity stems from differences in steric repulsions at the Ru alkylidene after CPE ring opening. Possible olefin or oxygen chelation from ring‐opened CPE substituents was also observed to significantly affect the rate of propagation. These results demonstrate the versatility of CPEs as a new class of monomers for ROMP, provide mechanistic insights for designing new monomers with rare single‐addition reactivity, and generate a new functionalizable alternating copolymer scaffold with controlled molecular weight and low dispersity.     

Analysis of F-53B,Gen-X,ADONA, and emerging fluoroalkylether substances in environmental and biomonitoring samples: A review

The persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties of certain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) raise concerns for environmental and human health. This has led to the gradual phase-out from production and commerce of some legacy PFAS. Fluoroalkylether compounds (ether-PFAS) are among the fluorinated alternative chemicals that are beginning to be reported in impacted and background environments. Extensive monitoring activities were conducted since 2015–2019 to bridge knowledge gaps on the environmental fate and effects of ether-PFAS including F-53B (6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate [6:2 Cl-PFAES] and 8:2 Cl-PFAES), Gen-X (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid [HFPO-DA]), and ADONA (dodecafluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate). In recent years, advances in nontarget screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry have revealed the identities of other infrequently monitored ether-PFAS. In this critical review, we provide an up-to-date inventory of the structures of ether-PFAS discovered in the recent literature. Their environmental occurrence, fate, and effects are discussed on a comparative perspective with some legacy PFAS such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Information on the methods employed for the quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of ether-PFAS is also provided, including sample preparation and mass spectrometry analysis, analytical performance, and limitations. In particular, the compiled database of MS/MS fragment ions (n = 111) can be useful in spectrum interpretation of novel ether-PFAS. The concluding remarks open on possible research avenues and the challenges that remain to be addressed.     

Mathematical Modeling of Nylon 6/6,6 Copolymerization in Batch Reactor: Investigating Recipes without Water and with Cyclic Dimer

A model is used to simulate batch copolymerization of caprolactam with hexamethylene diamine (HMD) and adipic acid (ADA) to produce nylon 6/6,6. Four different recipes are considered: a recipe containing caprolactam and an aqueous solution of HMD and ADA, a recipe containing caprolactam and dry HMD/ADA salt, and two recipes with a portion of the caprolactam replaced by nylon 6 cyclic dimer (CD). Consuming CD would be advantageous because CD is an undesirable side product from nylon 6 production. Simulation results lead to three important findings: (i) operation using dry salt rather than aqueous salt solution leads to higher degree of polymerization, (ii) substantial quantities of CD can be consumed to produce nylon 6/6,6 copolymer, and (iii) including water in the recipe is beneficial for achieving improved consumption of CD. The results of this study will be helpful in designing experiments aimed at improving industrial nylon 6/6,6 copolymerization processes.