CFD modeling of catalyst pellet for oxidative coupling of methane: Heat transfer and reaction

This study deals with the phenomena occuring at single-pellet catalyst scale for the oxidative coupling of methane where heat transfer plays an important role. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used for obtaining detailed rate and temperature profiles through the porous catalytic pellet where reaction and diffusion compete. Intra-particle temperature and concentration gradients were taken into account by solving heat transfer coupled with continuity equations in the catalyst pellet. In heat transfer, the energy term due to highly exothermic reaction was considered. Two external programs were successfully implemented into the CFD-code as kinetic and heat of reaction terms. Simulation results showed that reaction was favored at the beginning for the pellet, followed by diffusion predomination. The results of CFD simulation indicate that temperature variation within the catalyst pellet is <2 K due to exothermic oxidation. The results showed further that exothermic oxidation reactions occurred prior to endothermic coupling reaction in the pellet.     

An IR Study of the Dispersion Stability of Catalyst Powders Dispersed in Solutions of Linear Saturated Polyesters

The conformation of polymers at the solid-liquid interface has been the subject of considerable interest in the fundamental theory and applied practice. In paints and printing inks, dispersions of pigment or filler powders in polymeric binder solutions have to be maintained in the colloidal state. One of the stabilizing mechanisms for paint is the steric stabilization. On the other hand, in the formation reaction of polymer at the solid-liquid interface took place between monomer solutions and solid     

氧化铈在非贵金属氧化物催化剂中的作用(Ⅴ)─热环境对Cu－Mn－Ce－O催化剂性能的影响

研究了热环境对Cu-Mn-Ce-O催化剂表面积、结构、氧性能及对甲苯催化氧化活性的影响。发现CeO₂作为助催化剂,对延缓氧化铝载体的表面收缩几乎没有作用,但能阻止催化剂中CuMn₂O₄尖晶石的生成,防止无定型活性相在高温环境中的烧结,提高催化剂水热稳定性能,尤其在温度高于800℃时,效果尤佳,合适的Ce/Cu原子比为0.38～0.44.     

Pt/HM、Pd/HM催化剂上CO氧化反应活性和动力学研究

研究了Pt/HM、Pd/HM催化剂上CO氧化反应的活性,求出了各种催化剂的CO氧化反应动力学方程。考察了不同气氛下CO氧化活性的演变规律和V⁴⁺、Co²⁺离子对Pt、Pd的助催化作用,并用催化剂集团结构适应模型对以上结果作出了解释。     

催化剂中钨的测定溶样方法的改进

研究了新的溶样方法——微波消解法,并将其与常规光度法相结合测定催化剂中钨。考察了测定条件,研究了消解用酸的种类、用量和不同的消解程序对消解效果的影响,确定了微波消解催化剂的最佳消解程序。将经微波消解处理的催化剂样品用常规光度法测定钨的含量,其相对误差小于2．0%,相对标准偏差小于1．3%。将微波消解法与常压敞口消解法进行对比,测定结果基本一致。微波消解法酸用量减少了约5．0倍,消解速度提高了3．5～6．7倍。该方法具有省时、省酸、样品损失少、无环境污染、测定结果准确可靠等优点。     

质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂的研究方法

质子交换膜燃料电池性能的提高受限于电极上催化剂的电化学活性,而对催化剂的研究有助于人们深入了解其化学状态、电子结构等因素与电化学活性之间的关系。本文详细地介绍了有关质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂等五种研究方法(旋转薄层电极、固态核磁共振、X射线吸收光谱、电化学石英晶体微天平、差分电化学质量光谱)的原理、应用技巧以及在催化剂研究中所揭示的信息和局限性,并对今后的发展进行了展望。     

N-杂环卡宾的反应及应用

自从1991年Arduengo第一次分离得到稳定的游离N-杂环卡宾以后,N-杂环卡宾金属络合物的研究在近几年来得到了迅速的发展。N-杂环卡宾的反应性能较高,它们与周期表中几乎所有的元素都能发生反应。N-杂环卡宾金属络合物对许多反应有催化作用,它们是一类有潜在应用价值的催化剂。本文对近年来相关的研究成果进行了综述。     

The Effect of Cracks on the In‐plane Electrical Conductivity of PEFC Catalyst Layers

Fuel cell catalyst layers are a mixture of carbon, ionomer and platinum that are usually applied to the membrane during electrode assembly and can vary in structure for a number of reasons including the method of application, thickness of the layer, milling and heat treatments. Under some conditions significant cracking can occur which may or may not be beneficial to overall fuel cell performance but certainly has an effect on the catalyst's effective transport properties. The influence of cracking on the in‐plane electrical conductivity is studied experimentally and numerically through an image‐based approach. The conductivity is found to depend strongly on the crack structure which can be predicted with image based modelling. This fact is useful for determining the bulk conductivity from cracked samples for diagnostic purposes.     

1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢催化剂的设计策略以及构效关系

催化裂化是石油化工的核心单元之一.从催化裂化尾气中分离出来的碳四馏分富含许多的不饱和烯烃,如1-丁烯、顺、反式-2-丁烯以及少量的1,3-丁二烯,这些不饱和烯烃可以通过后续聚合反应,生成合成橡胶和工程塑料的重要原料,具有重要的应用价值.上述工艺过程对原料中1,3-丁二烯的含量(<100~200 ppm)有严苛的要求.采用选择性加氢技术对碳四馏分中的1,3-丁二烯进行选择性加氢,将其转化为更高附加值的单烯烃是一个理想的解决方案.然而,1,3-丁二烯加氢反应得到的单烯烃可能发生深度加氢得到副产物丁烷.因此,开发高效选择性加氢催化剂对碳四资源的利用具有重要的现实意义.另一方面,1,3-丁二烯加氢反应可以作为模型反应,用来考察选择性加氢催化剂的性能.基于此,该反应无论在工业界还是学术界均受到广泛关注.尽管如此,有关1,3-丁二烯加氢催化剂研究进展方面的综述极少.仅有关于1,3-丁二烯加氢作为模型反应的综述报道.本文对过去半个世纪以来1,3-丁二烯加氢反应中不同催化剂的发展历程进行系统综述,特别是包括Pd,Pt和Au等的单一贵金属催化剂.重点介绍以下内容:(1)固体催化剂构效关系,包括活性金属尺寸效应、晶面和形貌效应以及载体效应(晶相、孔道和酸碱性);(2)高性能催化剂的设计新策略,如单原子催化剂、核壳结构催化剂、金属-离子液复合催化体系以及载体的形貌调控;(3)催化剂的反应机理和失活机理.提出了1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢高性能催化剂开发面临的挑战,并对潜在的发展方向进行了展望.本文认为随着纳米技术和金属纳米材料合成方法的快速发展,对贵金属活性组分进行原子层面上的调控(包括形貌、尺寸以及单原子配位环境等)已成为可能.这将有助于研制出一类新型高性能选择性加氢催化材料,从而实现高转化率条件下高附加值单烯烃的定向转化.此外,载体的酸碱性和孔道结构的调控有助于进一步调节催化剂的抗积炭性能,也是未来发展的一个重要方向.     

Recyclable alkylated fac-Ir(ppy)3 complex as a visible-light photoredox catalyst for the synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylated and 3-difluoroacetylated coumarins

A recyclable fac-tris(heptadecanyl-2-phenylpyridine) iridium [fac-Ir(hdppy)₃] photocatalyst was synthesized. The hexane-phase-selective solubility of fac-Ir(hdppy)₃ in a thermomorphic multicomponent solvent (TMS) allowed its easy recycling by automatic liquid/liquid separation at room temperature. The excellent catalytic and recoverable activities of fac-Ir(hdppy)₃ were demonstrated via trifuoromethylation and difluoroacetylation reactions of phenyl 3-phenylpropiolate under visible-light irradiation in a TMS system.