基于上转换纳米粒子的低损伤神经界面技术

Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technology that combines light control technology with genetic technology, thus allowing the selective activation and inhibition of the electrical activity in specific types of neurons with millisecond time resolution. Over the past several years, optogenetics has become a powerful tool for understanding the organization and functions of neural circuits, and it holds great promise to treat neurological disorders. To date, the excitation wavelengths of commonly employed opsins in optogenetics are located in the visible spectrum. This poses a serious limitation for neural activity regulation because the intense absorption and scattering of visible light by tissues lead to the loss of excitation light energy and also cause tissue heating. To regulate the activity of neurons in deep brain regions, it is necessary to implant optical fibers or optoelectronic devices into target brain areas, which however can induce severe tissue damage. Non- or minimally-invasive remote control technologies that can manipulate neural activity have been highly desirable in neuroscience research. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can emit light with a short wavelength and high frequency upon excitation by light with a long wavelength and low frequency. Therefore, UCNPs can convert low-frequency near-infrared (NIR) light into high-frequency visible light for the activation of light-sensitive proteins, thus indirectly realizing the NIR optogenetic system. Because NIR light has a large tissue penetration depth, UCNP-mediated optogenetics has attracted significant interest for deep-tissue neuromodulation. However, in UCNP-mediated in vivo optogenetic experiments, as the up-conversion efficiency of UCNPs is low, it is generally necessary to apply high-power NIR light to obtain up-converted fluorescence with energy high enough to activate a photosensitive protein. High-power NIR light can cause thermal damage to tissues, which seriously restricts the applications of UCNPs in optogenetic technology. Therefore, the exploration of strategies to increase the up-conversion efficiency, fluorescence intensity, and biocompatibility of UCNPs is of great significance to their wide applications in optogenetic systems. This review summarizes recent developments and challenges in UCNP-mediated optogenetics for deep-brain neuromodulation. We firstly discuss the correspondence between the parameters of UCNPs and employed opsins in optogenetic experiments, which mainly include excitation wavelengths, emission wavelengths, and luminescent lifetimes. Thereafter, we introduce the methods to enhance the conversion efficiency of UCNPs, including optimizing the structure of UCNPs and modifying the organic dyes in UCNPs. In addition, we also discuss the future opportunities in combining UCNP-mediated optogenetics with flexible microelectrode technology for the long-term detection and regulation of neural activity in the case of minimal injury.     

高光效高热稳定性蓝色荧光粉Ca2-ySrySiO4:Ce3+,Li+的组成筛选和发光机理

采用高温固相法合成了一系列Ca_(2-x-y)Sr_(y-x)SiO_4∶x Ce~(3+),x Li~+蓝色固溶体荧光粉。XRD结果表明,所合成的固溶体荧光粉均为单一物相。随着Sr~(2+)成分的增加,Ca_(2-y)Sr_y SiO_4物相从单斜晶系β-Ca_2SiO_4向正交晶系α′-Ca_2SiO_4转变,发射光谱逐渐红移。组成为Ca_(1.75)Sr_(0.25)SiO_4时,荧光粉的发射波长最长(454 nm),Stokes位移最大。基质为Ca_(1.1)Sr_(0.9)SiO_4的晶体结构可诱导掺杂离子Ce~(3+)取代SrO_(10)格位、Li~+取代CaO8格位。优化的荧光粉Ca_(1.05)Sr_(0.85)SiO_4∶0.05Ce~(3+),0.05Li~+(CS_(0.85)SO∶CeLi)在375 nm紫外光激发下,发射445 nm的蓝光,内量子效率(IQE)达到91.18%,200℃时发射强度保持室温发光强度的98.70%。根据晶体结构、晶体场分裂和掺杂离子质心位移等理论,讨论了CS_(0.85)SO∶CeLi综合发光效应最佳的内在原因。     

UltiMate 3000 DGLC双三元液相色谱的串联色谱技术特点

当样品使用梯度洗脱时,每次分析结束之后,常需较长时间重新平衡或清洗色谱柱。在此过程中,进样器、柱温箱和检测器则处于闲置状态,这无疑是一种资源浪费。若能将此清洗和平衡过程与分析下一个样品同时进行,则可充分利用资源并可提高分析效率。赛默飞Ulti Mate 3000 DGLC双三     

沃特世化工领域解决方案

随着化工市场对于新型技术需求的增加和化工企业对于可持续发展的重视,传统的分析技术已经满足不了企业的需求,越来越复杂的产品配方让分析工作者面临极大的挑战。为了保证收益和增长,公司必须寻找最新的实验室技术来提升研发速度和研发实力,增加产品收益,探明不合格产品原因,并对客户投诉做出迅速反应。沃特世针对化工领域细分市场解决方案沃特世化工领域市场经理蔡麒将化工行业面临的挑战概括为三个简单的词:创新、效率及服务。从分析检测角度而言,化工行业需要分离性能更高、分离效率更高及多样性的分析设备。而沃特世专门面向化学材料行业的综合解决方案可以帮助生产商有效降低成本并加速新产品研发,改善生产流程效率,保障成品质量。能有效应对以上挑战。     

化学团聚对燃煤细颗粒物去除的研究进展

煤炭燃烧产生的细颗粒物,对大气的污染已经日益引起人们的重视和关注。细颗粒物化学团聚促进技术,可以使细小颗粒团聚成便于去除的大颗粒,再利用现有的除尘设备加以脱除,进而提高了传统除尘器的除尘效率。本文综述了目前国内外在化学团聚促进技术方面的研究,以及化学团聚促进技术的影响因素,并提出了在工业应用上的展望。     

铒激光脉冲消融泌尿结石和胆结石比较研究

利用光学弱相干显微成像系统对脉冲激光消融硬生物组织后形成的凹坑二维和三维形貌进行了扫描,分析了Erbium∶YAG激光脉冲消融生物硬组织特性.结果表明:相同激光参量条件下,消融胆结石比消融泌尿结石具有更高的消融效率;消融胆结石或消融泌尿结石时,脉冲能量越大,消融效率越高;消融效率提高主要体现在凹坑表面直径更宽、高度更深...     

分区域式内包层结构的双包层光纤激光器

本文介绍了上海光机所楼棋洪老师提出的一种新型双包层光纤结构,以计算该结构的纤芯对泵浦光的吸收效率为目的,采用二维光线分析法思想,在内包层中任取一点从任意方向发出的光线,该光线经过内包层时反射,经过纤芯时被吸收,按此方法计算出所有点、所有方向被纤芯吸收前的反射次数,分别统计经0次反射、1次反射、2次反射…就被纤芯吸收的光...     

放电脉冲重频准分子激光器在不同应用领域的发展现状(英文)

研究了脉冲宽度为25～40 ns的放电脉冲XeCl准分子激光器的工作参数。结果显示,激光器产生的脉冲能量为0.2～0.7 J,重复频率为100 Hz,表明在泵浦功率为2.8～3.3 MW/cm3时,激光器实现了2.6%的激光效率和3.8%的本征效率。     

主振荡功率放大装置中的放大自发辐射效应和能量提取效率

 建立了放大自发辐射(ASE)和相干激光能流耦合的模型,使用迭代算法,计算了长方体形状放大级中的ASE能流和相干激光能流的分布以及放大级出口0.5 m处的ASE分布,并讨论了入射光强、饱和光强对输出功率及能量提取效率的影响。对于增益区呈长方体、增益系数沿流场方向呈抛物线分布的放大级的计算结果表明：输入光的存在不仅会降低放大级中ASE光强的大小,而且将改变ASE的分布,使放大级中ASE能流的极大值向入口处移动;在饱和光强一定的情况下,输出功率和能量提取效率将随着入射功率的增大而增大;在入射光强一定的情况下,输出功率将随着饱和光强的增大而增大,而能量提取效率将随着饱和光强的增大而减小。     

传输同步辐射X射线的锥形单毛细管的物理特性

根据北京同步辐射装置生物大分子实验站(2W1A)的条件和应用,从理论上研究了锥形单毛细管传输同步辐射X射线的物理特性.计算了锥管传输效率随锥管长度、X射线能量的变化规律;计算了锥管出口处的光强分布,强度增益随工作距离的变化规律.结果表明:与传输发散X射线相比,锥形单毛细管传输平行X射线的物理特性有明显的不同.