纳米孔缺陷导致单层黑磷电荷局域极大抑制非辐射电子-空穴复合的时域模拟

通常认为缺陷加速黑磷的非辐射电子-空穴复合,阻碍器件性能的持续提高。实验打破了这一认识。采用含时密度泛函理论结合非绝热分子动力学,我们发现P-P伸缩振动驱动非辐射电子-空穴复合,使纳米孔修饰的单层黑磷的激发态寿命比完美体系延长了约5.5倍。这主要归因于三个因素。一,纳米孔结构不但没有在禁带中引入深能级缺陷,而且由于价带顶下移使带隙增加了0.22 eV。二,除了带隙增加,纳米孔减小了电子和空穴波函数重叠,并抑制了原子核热运动,从而使非绝热耦合降低至完美体系的约1/2。三,退相干时间比完美体系延长了1.5倍。前两个因素战胜了第三个因素,使纳米孔结构激发态寿命延长至2.74 ns,而其在完美体系中约为480 ps。我们的研究表明可以制造合理数量和形貌的缺陷,如纳米孔,降低黑磷非辐射电子-空穴复合,提高光电器件效率。这一研究对于理解和调控黑磷和其它二维材料的激发态性质有重要意义。     

三维大孔/介孔碳-碳化钛复合材料用于无枝晶锂金属负极

金属锂具有超高的理论容量(3860 mAh·g^-1)和低氧化还原电位(-3.04 V vs.标准氢电极),是极具吸引力的下一代高能量密度电池的负极材料。然而,循环过程中的体积膨胀、锂枝晶生长和“死锂”等问题严重的限制了其实际应用。合理设计三维骨架调控金属锂的成核行为是抑制锂枝晶生长的有效策略。本文中,我们发展了一种“软硬双模板”的方法合成了兼具大孔和介孔的三维碳-碳化钛(Three-dimensional macro-/mesoporous C-TiC,表示为3DMM-C-TiC)复合材料。多级孔道为金属锂的沉积提供了足够的空间,缓冲充放电中巨大的体积变化。此外,TiC的引入显著增强多孔骨架的导电性,改善锂金属的成核行为,促进金属锂的均匀成核和沉积,抑制锂枝晶生长。3DMM-C-TiC||Li电池测试表明,在循环300圈以后,库伦效率仍保持在98%以上。此外,所得材料与LiFePO₄ (LFP)组成的全电池也表现出优异的倍率和循环性能。本工作为无枝晶锂金属负极的设计提供了新的思路。     

基于混酸回流制备碳点的中和过程

Carbon dots (C dots) are relatively novel carbon nanomaterials that have attracted significant interest due to their unique photoluminescence, good biocompatibility, and stability. The preparation methods of C dots was usually summarized into "top-down" and "bottom-up", and mixed acid reflux is a top-down strategy that can be used to synthesize C dots, during which neutralization is a necessary step that can significantly influence the properties and potential applications of the final product. Previously, this research area mainly focused on tuning the properties of C dots by changing the starting materials and/or varying the reaction conditions; the influence of the reagents used during neutralization has been largely ignored. As the previously reported C dots prepared by mixed acid reflux were obtained from different starting materials under varied conditions, a meaningful comparison is difficult. Herein, yellow-emitting C dots were prepared by mixed acid-refluxing a carbon-rich material derived from fullerene carbon soot. For the same batch of as-prepared C dots, the influences of four reagents, i.e., NaOH, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, and NH₃·H₂O, during neutralization on the structures and photoluminescence of the resulting C dots were investigated in detail. The results of thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy clearly showed that the reagent used during neutralization can affect the degree of dissociation of the acidic functional groups on the C dots. This is further supported by examination of the C dot/surfactant mixtures where subtle changes in the phase behavior were observed. Structural changes of the C dots cause variations in their surface states, ultimately altering the optical characteristics, including UV-vis absorption and fluorescence. Among the treated C dots, the sample prepared with Na₂CO₃ showed the strongest emission under the same excitation wavelength, while that prepared with NH₃·H₂O exhibited a distinct red shift (~8 nm) in the emission curve. The results presented herein provide clear evidence that neutralization reagent selection is important for optimizing the properties of the resulting C dots obtained by mixed acid reflux. In addition, the photoluminescence of the C dots can be influenced by their counterions, providing a novel method for tuning the properties of C dots while explaining their behavior in saline solutions. In short, the basicity of the neutralizing reagent and the type of counterions affect the structure of the C dots surface, which brings different performances. This work reminds researchers that it is necessary to use the type of neutralizing reagent as an experimental condition when preparing C dots in the future.     

从生物矿化到仿生矿化：构筑新功能生命体

生物矿化是生命体通过调控无机矿物的成核、取向、生长和组装来制造有机-无机复合材料的过程。借鉴生物矿化的原理,可利用有机基质实现无机材料的可控合成,制备出性能优异的新型复合材料。更有趣的是,将材料和生物体从结构和功能两个层面整合,利用材料-生物之间的协同调控,可构筑出新功能生命体,这也是仿生矿化发展的重要方向。本论文首先介绍生物矿化的基本理论和自然界中的生物矿化现象。随后通过对生物矿物结构和功能的阐述,提出仿生构筑新功能生命体的概念,并系统介绍构筑新型材料-生物体的方法,在此基础上系统总结新功能生命体在环保、能源、医学等领域的应用。最后,针对目前该领域存在的局限和问题展开讨论,对实现智能仿生构筑生命体的研究进行展望。我们认为基于仿生矿化构筑新功能生命体的研究能够推动学科边界不断融合,为材料学、化学生物学、生物无机化学以及医学等领域的发展提供新的方向。     

无机纳米材料在骨代谢调控中的应用

与有机和高分子纳米材料相比,无机纳米材料具有化学性质稳定、力学性能优良、生物相容性和骨诱导性良好等优势,是用于骨代谢调控的主要材料。文章分别从细胞、分子及动物水平总结了羟基磷灰石、稀土纳米材料、金纳米颗粒、碳纳米管等无机纳米材料在骨代谢调控中的作用及其机制,并对无机纳米材料在骨代谢调控中面临的挑战进行了展望。     

介孔硅复合氧化石墨烯多孔材料的制备及其CO2吸附性能研究

以P123为模板剂,以TEOS为硅源,以氧化石墨烯为复合组分,采用溶胶-凝胶法和自组装法制备了具有较大比表面积的介孔硅复合氧化石墨烯三维多孔材料（MSM/GOs）,进一步通过物理浸渍聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）制备了固态胺吸附材料。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、氮气吸附-脱附曲线、元素分析等方法表征复合材料的结构和形貌,研究了氧化石墨烯添加量对材料的比表面积和胺化效果的影响以及吸附温度对其吸附CO₂性能的影响。研究结果表明,氧化石墨烯的引入能显著提高介孔硅复合氧化石墨烯多孔材料的比表面积,当GO添加量为4.5wt%时,其比表面积可高达841m²/g。高的比表面积有利于提高材料的氨基含量。在30wt%PEI的物理浸渍胺化后,MSM/GO-4.5@30%PEI拥有最大含氮量（9.59wt%）和CO₂吸附量（1.70mmol/g）。得益于良好的多孔基体和有机胺的均匀分布,MSM/GO-4.5@30%PEI在不同温度下的吸附量较稳定,循环再生吸附后仍能保持初始吸附量的80%。动力学研究表明,准一级模型和Avrami模型均能较好地拟合其吸...     

激光散斑干涉法测量金属复合引线热膨胀系数的实验研究

本文采用激光散斑干涉法测量微电子金属封装用金属复合引线的热膨胀系数。该方法有很高的测量精度和灵敏度,并对试件形状、尺寸和表面无特殊要求。同时利用光学方法全场测量的优点,使用已知热膨胀系数的金属材料作为标准试件,可减少温度场不均匀分布及微小变化对测试精度的影响,消除了测量光路几何参数导致的系统误差。在相对简单的实验设备下,得到较高精度金属复合引线的热膨胀系数值。该方法可广泛用于各种新材料的热膨胀系数的测定。     

氮化钛微粉增强镍磷化学复合镀层的组织及其摩擦磨损性能研究

利用自蔓延高温合成法得到的氮化钛微粉制备了Ｎｉ－Ｐ－ＴｉＮ化学复合镀层，采用Ｘ射线衍射仪，扫描电子显微镜和电子探针分析了镀层的组织和结构，并在球－块摩擦磨损试验机上对镀层的摩擦学特性进行了研究，结果表明，ＴｉＮ微粉可使Ｎｉ－Ｐ化学镀层的组织明显细化，且能提高镀层的最佳时效硬化温度随着Ｎｉ－Ｐ－ＴｉＮ化学复合镀层中ＴｉＮ共析量的增摩擦系数逐渐降低并趋于稳定，耐磨性则存在的一个最佳ＴｉＮ含量；ＴｉＮ微     

Low Velocity Response Characteristics of Composite Plate with Embedded Shape Memory Alloy

I. INTRODUCTION Composite materials have been used extensively in aerospace and other industries owing to the factthat they have high speci?c modulus, high speci?c strength, and the capability to be designed andfabricated with greater ?exibility, and ha…     

MD simulation for nanocrystals

Molecular dynamic (MD) provided anab initio simulation for nano-scale mechanical behavior of materials, provided that the inter-atomic potential is accurately prescribed. MD is particularly suitable in simulating the formation, the deformation, and the evolution of nanocrystals under a fast strain rate. To tackle large scale system and nano-seconds time duration, parallel algorithm is desired. The present paper reviews the recent advances in MD simulation for nanocrystals rithm is desired. The present paper reviews the recent advances in MD simulation for nanocrstals with attention focused on the applications toward nanomechanics. The examined issues are: formation of nanocrystalline metals, nanoindentation on nancorystals, fast deformation of nanocrystals, orderdisorder transition, and nano-particle impact. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (101212202 and 90205023)