Investigation of Methanol Behavior at the Designed Electrochemical Sensor based on Ni(II) Complex and Graphene Nanosheets

In this work, the electrochemical oxidation of methanol was investigated by different electrochemical methods at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with (N‐5‐methoxysalicylaldehyde, N´‐2‐hydroxyacetophenon‐1, 2 phenylenediimino nickel(II) complex (Ni(II)–MHP) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which is named Ni(II)‐MHP/RGO/CPE, in an alkaline solution. This modified electrode was found to be efficient for the oxidation of methanol. It was found that methanol was oxidized by the NiOOH groups generated by further electrochemical oxidation of nickel(II) hydroxide on the surface of the modified electrode. Under optimum conditions, some parameters of the analyte (MeOH), such as the electron transfer coefficient (α), the electron transfer rate constant) k_s), and the diffusion coefficient of species in a 0.1 M solution (pH = 13), were determined. The designed sensor showed a linear dynamic range of 2.0–100.0 and 100.0–1000.0 μM and a detection limit of 0.68 μM for MeOH determination. The Ni(II)‐MHP/RGO/CPE sensor was used in the determination of MeOH in a real sample.     

碳酸乙烯酯选择加氢合成甲醇与乙二醇高效稳定Cu/SiO2催化剂研究

CO2作为重要的碳氧资源, 具有来源丰富、价格低廉、安全等突出优点. 近年来, 由于蕴含的巨大利用潜力,CO2间接利用制备基础化学品、能源燃料对于可持续制备大宗化工品中具有重要研究意义, 日益受到研究者和工业界的广泛重视.甲醇与乙二醇是化学工业中的两种重要大宗原料. 甲醇不仅是重要的有机化工原料、清洁环保的液体燃料, 同时也是氢气和能量储存的良好载体. 乙二醇作为一种重要的有机化工原料, 在聚酯等领域具有广泛应用.CO2经碳酸乙烯酯氢解制备甲醇/乙二醇是典型的原子经济反应, 对资源、能源和环境的可持续发展具有重要意义. 需要指出的是,CO2与环氧乙烷环加成制备碳酸乙烯酯已具备成熟的工业化技术. 因此, 该路线研究重点在于发展碳酸乙烯酯选择加氢联产甲醇和乙二醇高效稳定的催化体系. 近年来, 铜基多相催化剂催化碳酸乙烯酯加氢联产甲醇乙二醇得到了广泛重视. 由于铜基催化剂存在活性较低、高温易失活等问题, 开发高效且具有良好稳定性的铜基催化剂是目前碳酸乙烯酯加氢研究重点.本文针对碳酸乙烯酯选择氢解合成甲醇乙二醇新型铜基催化体系构建和构效关系研究, 采用硅溶胶蒸氨法制备高分散 Cu/SiO2过程中引入多羟基β-环糊精修饰催化剂前驱体的合成策略, 并通过惰性气体中煅烧后的积碳有效抑制活性铜物种的团聚, 获得了β-环糊精改性的 Cu/SiO2催化剂. 通过 N2吸脱附、XRD、N2O 滴定、H2-TPR、TEM 和 XPS 等系统表征,发现β-环糊精可有效调控催化剂结构和表面不同价态活性铜物种分布. 碳酸乙烯酯加氢性能评价结果表明引入适量β-环糊精的 5β-25%Cu/SiO2具有较优催化活性, 乙二醇选择性 98.8% 和甲醇选择性 71.6%, 且相应的催化活性可达 1178 mgEC gcat-1h-1. 高活性的原因很可能归因于不同价态 Cu0与 Cu+物种协同催化作用及适宜的 Cu+/(Cu0+Cu+) 比例. 结合密度泛函理论模拟计算, 我们提出了 Cu0促进氢气解离、Cu+吸附活化碳酸乙烯酯分子中酯羰基的反应机理. 催化剂重复使用和表征结果表明, 5β-25%Cu/SiO2具有良好的稳定性, 使用前后铜粒子大小和铜物种分布几乎未发生明显变化. 本文为解决铜基催化剂高温易烧结等难题提供了简单有效的活性铜物种稳定化方法, 并为CO2经碳酸乙烯酯绿色合成甲醇、乙二醇高效稳定铜基催化新体系的构筑提供了有益借鉴.     

通过SAPO-34分子筛笼中引入金属物种提升甲醇制烯烃反应中乙烯选择性

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯)是化学工业极其重要的基本原料.甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应是重要的烯烃生产石油替代路线.其中,磷酸硅铝类SAPO-34分子筛在MTO反应中表现出优异的低碳烯烃选择性.与丙烯相比,乙烯具有更高的经济附加值,因此提升MTO反应中乙烯的选择性有着重要的意义.本文采用传统离子交换法(CIE)、模板辅助离子引入法(TII)和醇相离子交换法(AIE)对SAPO-34分子筛进行金属Zn、Cu改性,利用多种表征手段对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的物理结构、化学组成、金属物种状态与分布、酸性及扩散性质等进行表征.首先,对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的物理结构和化学组成进行分析.X射线衍射表明,相比AIE法,CIE法和TII法改性基本保持SAPO-34分子筛的结晶度.X射线荧光分析表明,相比Co、Ni,金属Zn、Cu更易引入SAPO-34分子筛.N2物理吸附-脱附表明,CIE法改性能够保持SAPO-34分子筛的BET比表面积和微孔孔容.其次,考察了金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中金属物种的状态.氢气-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,Zn物种主要以孤立态的Zn2+阳离子形式存在.H2-TPR、XPS、紫外-可见光谱和电子顺磁共振谱结果表明,Cu物种主要以孤立态的Cu2+阳离子以及部分CuO形式存在.继而对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中金属物种的分布进行表征.XPS表明,Zn阳离子改性的SAPO-34表层富硅、富Zn,呈类核壳结构;XPS和扫描式电镜-能量色散X射线光谱结果表明,Cu物种在Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中均匀分布.进一步研究了金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中酸性的变化.氨气-程序升温脱附和核磁共振氢谱结果表明,Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34酸性位点的酸量降低.最后,对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的扩散性质进行分析.智能重量分析表明,Zn、Cu阳离子的引入降低探针分子(乙烷、丙烷)的扩散系数,推断Zn、Cu阳离子的引入增加对MTO反应产物的扩散限制.热重表明,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34分子筛反应初期积炭量略微增加.综上所述,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34催化剂表层富硅、富Zn,呈现类核壳结构.Zn阳离子的引入增加对MTO反应产物的扩散限制,而且Zn阳离子的引入促进MTO反应初始阶段的碳沉积.因此,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34分子筛显著增加MTO反应产物的扩散限制,对分子尺寸较大的反应产物的扩散限制更为明显,从而提高MTO反应初始阶段的乙烯选择性,增大乙烯/丙烯比.     

Electrochemical deposition of platinum nanoparticles in multiwalled carbon nanotube–Nafion composite for methanol electrooxidation

Platinum nanoparticles were successfully deposited within a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–Nafion matrix by a cyclic voltammetry method. A Pt(IV) complex was reduced to platinum nanoparticles on the surface of MWCNTs. The resulting Pt nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Pt–MWCNT–Nafion nanocomposite film-modified glassy carbon electrode had a sharp hydrogen desorption peak at about −0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3 M) in a solution of 0.5 M H₂SO₄, which is directly related to the electrochemical activity of the Pt nanoparticles presented on the surface of MWCNTs. The electrocatalytic properties of the Pt–MWCNT–Nafion nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode for methanol electrooxidation were investigated by cyclic voltammetry in a 2 M CH₃OH + 1 M H₂SO₄ solution. In comparison with the Pt-coated glassy carbon electrode and the Pt–Nafion modified glassy carbon electrode, the Pt–MWCNT–Nafion-modified electrode had excellent electrocatalytic activity toward methanol electrooxidation. The stability of the Pt–MWCNT–Nafion nanocomposite-modified electrode had also been evaluated.     

High-pressure densities and derived volumetric properties (excess, apparent, and partial molar volumes) of binary mixtures of {methanol (1) + [BMIM][BF4] (2)}

The density of seven {(0.0087, 0.0433, 0.1302, 0.2626, 0.4988, 0.7501, and 0.9102) mole fraction of [BMIM][BF₄]} binary {methanol (1) + [BMIM][BF₄] (2)} (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) mixtures has been measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter. Measurements were performed at temperatures from (298 to 398) K and at pressures up to 40 MPa. The total uncertainties of density, temperature, pressure, and concentration measurements was estimated to be less than 0.15 kg · m⁻³, 15 mK, 5 kPa, and 10⁻⁴, respectively. The uncertainties reported in this paper are expanded uncertainties at the 95% confidence level with a coverage factor of k = 2. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on the density and derived volumetric properties such as excess, apparent, and partial molar volumes was studied. The measured densities were used to develop a Tait-type equation of state for the mixture. The structural properties such as direct and total correlation function integrals and cluster size were calculated using the Krichevskii function concept and the equation of state for the mixture at infinite dilution.     

Characterization of PVdF-HFP/Nafion/AlO[OH]n composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)

Poly-(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP)/Nafion ionomer/aluminum oxy hydroxide nanocomposite membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique. The resultant membranes were subjected to protonic conductivity, methanol permeability, infra-red and thermogravimmetric analysis. The infra-red spectroscopic measurements revealed the presence of sulfonic acid groups in the composite membranes. The thermal stability and ionic conductivity of the polymer membranes have been greatly varied upon the addition of AlO[OH]_n. Although the PVDF-HFP/Nafion/AlO[OH]_n composite membranes have moderate protonic conductivity it has lower methanol permeability and may be considered as a candidate for DMFC applications.     

铌酸催化的苯甲醛与甲醇缩合反应

采用铌酸为催化剂,探索了该催化剂对苯甲醛与甲醇缩合反应的影响.优化反应条件是,催化剂用量为反应物质的量的5mol%,甲醇10mL(兼作溶剂),回流状态下反应2h,反应的产率和转化率分别达到94%、98.0%.该催化剂同样适用于其他醛(酮)与甲醇的缩合反应,可得到34%～89%的产率.所述方法操作简单、产率高、选择性好而且对环境友好,反应结束后,催化剂很容易回收,并能有效重复使用.     

Proton and methanol transport behavior of SPEEK/TPA/MCM-41 composite membranes for fuel cell application

This paper reports proton and methanol transport behavior of composite membranes prepared for use in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The composite membranes were prepared by embedding various proportions (10–30 wt.%) of inorganic proton conducting material (tungstophosphoric acid (TPA)/MCM-41) into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) polymer matrix. The results indicate that the proton conductivity of the membranes increases with increasing loading of solid proton conducting material. The highest conductivity value of 2.75 mS/cm was obtained for the SPEEK composite membrane containing 30 wt.% solid proton conducting material (50 wt.% TPA in MCM-41). The methanol permeability and crossover flux were also found to increase with increasing loading of the solid proton conducting material. Lowest permeability value of 5.7 × 10⁻⁹ cm² s⁻¹ was obtained for composite membrane with 10 wt.% of the solid proton conducting material (40 wt.% TPA in MCM-41). However, all the composite membranes showed higher selectivity (ratio between the proton conductivity and the methanol permeability) compared to the pure SPEEK membrane. In addition, the membranes are thermally stable up to 160 °C. Thus, these membranes have potential to be considered for use in direct methanol fuel cell.     

Zirconium meta-sulfonphenyl phosphonic acid-incorporated Nafion membranes for reduction of methanol permeability

Zirconium meta-sulfonphenyl phosphonic acid (Zr-msPPA)/Nafion^® composite membranes were prepared to reduce methanol permeability of the Nafion^® 117 membrane in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Zr-msPPA crystalline nano proton conductors were synthesized inside the membranes via the reaction of zirconium chloride octahydrate and meta-sulfonphenyl phosphonic acid that had been soaked prior. Synthesis of the Zr-msPPA in the membranes was identified from a series of chemical and physical structure characterizations using FTIR, NMR, EDS, and XRD spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the composite membranes was enhanced by addition of the Zr-msPPA, with considerable reduction in methanol permeability with increasing Zr-msPPA content, as the Zr-msPPA nano conductors acted as crystalline barriers to methanol permeation. The ion conductivity also decreased with increasing Zr-msPPA content, but its effect was not as strong as with methanol permeation given the innate, high conductivity of Zr-msPPA.     

高浓度体系制备ZSM-5分子筛及碱处理后甲醇制丙烯性能

在高浓度体系下,以粗孔硅胶和偏铝酸钠为原料,TPABr为模板剂,水热晶化法制备了ZSM-5分子筛,单釜产率23％.用不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、NH3-TPD、XRF、N2物理吸附等方法对改性前后的样品进行了表征,并考察了改性后ZSM-5分子筛甲醇催化转化制丙烯(MTP)反应性能.结果表明,氢氧化钠改性未破坏分子筛的骨架结构,改性后样品的酸量、介孔孔容和BET比表面积均有增加,从而改善了催化剂的抗积碳性能和反应性能.在MTP反应中,增产丙烯的效果不明显,但表现出了更好的催化稳定性(催化剂使用寿命从85 h提升至110 h),并且有利于提高副产物汽油组分(∑C5+)的产量.