碘化钠NaI（TI）单晶闪烁探测器的应用

碘化钠NaI（T1）单晶闪烁探测器由射线探测器、计算机多道、高压电源及线性放大器、计算机多道脉冲幅度分析器等部分组成。当放射源发出的γ射线进入闪烁体时,γ光子即与闪烁体中的原子、分子及晶体系统发生相互作用（如光电效应,康普顿散射和电子对效应等）。     

A hybrid structure gaseous detector for ion backflow suppression

A new concept for a hybrid structure gaseous detector module with ion backflow suppression for the time projection chamber in a future circular collider is presented.It is a hybrid structure cascaded Gas Electron Multiplier(GEM) with a Micromegas detector.Both Micromegas and GEM have the capability to naturally reduce most of the ions produced in the amplification region.The GEM also acts as the preamplifer device and increases gas gain together with the Micromegas.Feasibility tests of the hybrid detector are performed using an ~(55)Fe X-ray source.The energy resolution is better than 27% for 5.9 keV X-rays.It is demonstrated that a backflow ratio better than 0.2% can be reached in the hybrid readout structure at a gain of 5000.     

The Concept of Non-Dispersive Infrared Detector for Micro High Performance Liquid Chromatography Using KBr Buffer Memory Technique

Liquid Chromatography (LC) has gained acceptance as an analytical tool, and permits separations of mixtures of non-volatile compounds and species that are temperature sensitive.     

Small field output factors: Comparison of measurements with various detectors and effects of detector orientation with primary jaw setting

Accurate dosimetry in small photon fields used in modern radiotherapy is a challenging task due to electronic disequilibrium, steep dose gradients, source occlusion and size of the sensitive volume of the detector. These challenging effects and the lack of metrological dosimetric reference instigated an investigation on the acquisition of output factor with various detectors in parallel and perpendicular orientations. Small field output factor measurements of tertiary collimators such as BrainLab circular cones, BrainLab mMLC and Millennium MLC were carried out in this study. The data acquired show the differences between output factor results with different detectors for all collimating systems. Good agreement in output values was observed in field sizes greater than ∼2 × 2 cm² for all detectors and all tertiary collimators. For smaller fields when compared to electron field diode (EFD), 0.125 cm³ ion chamber underestimates the output by up to −11.1% and −20.4% and pinpoint ion chamber underestimates the output by up to −1.5% and −6.1% in their parallel and perpendicular orientation, respectively. In contrast, PTW SRS diode and photon field diode (PFD) overestimate the output factor by up to 2.5% and 6.9% respectively in its parallel orientation. The investigated data for the effect of jaw position (0.25 × 0.25 cm², 0.5 × 0.5 cm² and 1 × 1 cm²) away from the field edge generated by different tertiary collimating systems inferred that the opening of X–Y jaw highly influences the small field output factors. The orientation of the detectors and the position of the jaws could influence the output factors considerably in small fields.     

Webcam camera as a detector for a simple lab-on-chip time based approach

A modification of a webcam camera for use as a small and low cost detector was demonstrated with a simple lab-on-chip reactor. Real time continuous monitoring of the reaction zone could be done. Acid-base neutralization with phenolphthalein indicator was used as a model reaction. The fading of pink color of the indicator when the acidic solution diffused into the basic solution zone was recorded as the change of red, blue and green colors (%RBG.) The change was related to acid concentration. A low cost portable semi-automation analysis system was achieved.     

Frontispiece: Analysis of the Dynamics of the Human Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Reveals Insights into the Energy Landscape of the Molecule

G protein-coupled receptors initiate signal transduction in response to ligand binding. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), the focus of this study, binds the 28 residue peptide ghrelin. While structures of GHSR in different states of activation are available, dynamics within each state have not been investigated in depth. We analyze long molecular dynamics simulation trajectories using “detectors” to compare dynamics of the apo and ghrelin-bound states yielding timescale-specific amplitudes of motion. We identify differences in dynamics between apo and ghrelin-bound GHSR in the extracellular loop 2 and transmembrane helices 5–7. NMR of the GHSR histidine residues reveals chemical shift differences in these regions. We evaluate timescale specific correlation of motions between residues of ghrelin and GHSR, where binding yields a high degree of correlation for the first 8 ghrelin residues, but less correlation for the helical end. Finally, we investigate the traverse of GHSR over a rugged energy landscape via principal component analysis.     

Photodiode array to charged aerosol detector response ratio enables comprehensive quantitative monitoring of basic drugs in blood by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography

Quantitative screening for a broad range of drugs in blood is regularly required to assess drug abuse and poisoning within analytical toxicology. Mass spectrometry-based procedures suffer from the large amount of work required to maintain quantitative calibration in extensive multi-compound methods. In this study, a quantitative drug screening method for blood samples was developed based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with two consecutive detectors: a photodiode array detector and a corona charged aerosol detector (UHPLC–DAD–CAD). The 2.1 mm × 150 mm UHPLC column contained a high-strength silica C18 bonded phase material with a particle size of 1.8 μm, and the mobile phase consisted of methanol/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in gradient mode. Identification was based on retention time, UV spectrum and the response ratio from the two detectors. Using historic calibration over a one-month period, the median precision (RSD) of retention times was 0.04% and the median accuracy (bias) of quantification 6.75%. The median precision of the detector response ratio over two orders of magnitude was 12%. The applicable linear ranges were generally 0.05–5 mg L⁻¹. The method was validated for 161 compounds, including antipsychotics, antidepressants, antihistamines, opioid analgesics, and adrenergic beta blocking drugs, among others. The main novelty of the method was the proven utility of the response ratio of DAD to CAD, which provided the additional identification efficiency required. Unlike with mass spectrometry, the high stability of identification and quantification allowed the use of facile historic calibration.     

Polyion‐Sensitive Polymeric Membrane‐Based Pulstrode as a Potentiometric Detector in Liquid Chromatography

Potentiometric polyion‐sensitive polymeric membrane electrodes are capable of detecting a wide variety of polyionic macromolecules. Herein, we utilize this lack of selectivity to report the first application of this sensor technology as a detector in liquid chromatography (LC). A reversible polycation pulstrode based on tridodecylmethylammonium‐dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate doped within a polymeric membrane is employed as the LC detector. Poly‐arginines/protamine mixtures are separated by cation‐exchange/affinity chromatography on an immobilized heparin column, with eluted polycation peptide bands clearly observed via the pulstrode detector. The LC‐pulstrode system is further applied to follow the production of different polycation peptides derived from thermolysin catalyzed protamine digestion.     

杀虫剂莠去津免疫传感器功能膜的制备与表征

用杀虫剂莠去津标记聚乙烯胺,然后共价偶联到已自组装在金基板上的11-巯基十一酸单分子层上,形成杀虫剂莠去津功能化的表面。利用抗体抗原相互特异性作用,将ATZ抗体固定在功能化金基板的表面。功能化的表面通过FT-IRRAS进行了表征,对功能表面的形成特性以及与抗体的相互作用情况进行了研究。     

相位测量轮廓术（PMP）中光场非线性误差分析

在相位测量轮廓术( PMP)中，探测器的非线性响应是导致测量误差的重要因素.对该误差进行了理论分析和计算机模拟,比较了几种相移算法对这一误差的抑制能力，模拟结果与理论分析的结果一致.提出一种存在非线性误差时光强函数的几何描述方法，采用帕斯卡蜗线描述二阶非线性光强函数，这是一种用角度射线与帕斯卡蜗线交点在横轴上的投影长来表示相对光强的几何模型，形象地表示了探测光强与光栅移动角度的关系，以及非线性误差存在和不存在时的光强变化.同样，文中采用准卡西尼卵形线蜗线描述三阶非线性光强函数，用同样的方法形象地表示了在存在三阶非线性时探测光强与光栅移动角度的关系，以及非线性误差存在和不存在时的光强变化,可为实际应用中合理地选择算法和直观的评估非线性导致的光强变化提供帮助.