《探索性数据分析》

原著名：ＵｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇＲｏｂｕｓｔａｎｄＥｘｐｌｏｒａｔｏｒｙＤａｔａＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ译人员：陈忠琏、郭德嫒校译人员：杨振海书评：探索性数据分析是美国当代著名统计学家ＪｏｈｎＷＴｕｋｅｙ在本世纪６０年代开创的一个新的统计研究方向。１９６２年他发表了《ＴｈｅＦｕｔｕｒｅｏｆＤａｔａＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ》,做了奠基性的工作。在１９７０年他出版了这个新领域的第一本专著《ＥｘｐｌｏｒａｔｏｒｙＤａｔａＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ》。之后,Ｔｕｋｅｙ与ＦｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｋＭｏｓｔｅｌｌｅｒ和ＤａｖｉｄＣＨｏ…     

毛细管电泳-核磁共振联用技术及其应用

毛细管电泳－核磁共振在线联用技术是新型的分离和生命大分子的有效手段之一。详细介绍了在ＣＥ－ＮＭＲ联用技术中最关键的ＮＭＲ对纳升数量级样品的检测技术和最新进展。     

A simple analytical model of laser direct-drive thin shell target implosion

A high-neutron yield platform imploded by a thin shell target is generally built to probe nuclear science problems, and it has the advantages of high neutron yield, ultrashort fusion time, micro fusion zone, isotropic and monoenergetic neutron. Some analytical models have been proposed to interpret exploding-pusher target implosion driven by a long wavelength laser, whereas they are imperfect for a 0.35 μm laser implosion experiment. When using the 0.35 μm laser, the shell is ablated and accelerated to high implosion velocity governed by Newton's law, ablation acceleration and quasi-adiabatic compression models are suitable to explain the implosion of a laser direct-drive thin shell target. The new analytical model scales bang time, ion temperature and neutron yield for large variations in laser power, target radius, shell thickness, and fuel pressure. The predicted results of the analytical model are in agreement with experimental data on the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility, 100 kJ laser facility, Omega, and NIF, it demonstrates that the analytical model benefits the understanding of experiment performance and optimizing the target design of high neutron yield implosion.     

功率型GaN基发光二极管芯片表面温度及亮度分布的物理特性研究

基于电流连续方程、欧姆定律及定性三维热流传导模型研究发光二极管(LED)芯片 的电流密度分布、热量、温度之间的相互交叉关系,进而测试分析GaN基蓝光 LED电流扩展效应和亮度分布的关系,认为芯片亮度变化趋势可作为判别电流扩 展性能的有效手段. 由于芯片表面温度、亮度分布和电流密度之间存在紧密的联结 关系,通过测试芯片表面温度或亮度分布就可定性了解器件电流扩展性能, 从而为优化电极结构提供一种判定依据. 在不同电流和热沉温度下,进一步 讨论了电流密度非均匀性和亮度分布的关系, 电流密度拥挤将导致芯片局 部区域热量堆积,非辐射复合作用增强,限制出射光子数目, 因此热 量是影响亮度分布的重要因素之一. 通过载流子传输机理进一步说明 温度影响亮度均匀性的原因,并通过实验说明理论分析的可行性. 通过优化电极结构能改善器件的电流扩展效应以及亮度均匀性, 对提高大功率LED的可靠性具有重要作用.     

中性色温下两基色、三基色荧光粉转换白光LED的光谱优化

针对中性色温4 870 K,考虑斯托克斯损失,研究了两基色、三基色的白光LED的光谱优化。结果表明:InGaN/GaN基蓝光LED激发YAG荧光粉合成的白光光视效能可高达483.5 lm/W,但显色性较差,计算的斯托克斯效率为83.9%。加入窄带红色荧光粉或红光LED,优化后的光视效能降低为343 lm/W,但显色指数升至94.7,同时计算得到该LED的斯托克斯效率为84.4%。对该优化的三基色LED光谱进行可调色温白光的特性分析,发现较高色温 (＞4 000 K)对应的显色指数普遍高于低色温(＜4 000 K)的显色指数。     

交流发光二极管热特性的模拟分析

由于交流发光二极管(AC-LED)在实际应用中无需交流/直流整流变压器,它的发展越来越被关注。随着器件功率的增大,芯片结温升高,对器件的光通量、光功率及寿命等产生负面影响,所以精确掌握AC-LED的温升规律就成为芯片设计的关键。运用FloEFD有限元软件进行模拟仿真1 W白光AC-LED分别在直流和交变功率驱动下的瞬态热特性,结果表明在加载交变信号情况下,器件结温会以直流信号的结温为中心周期振荡,振荡的频率与输入功率频率相同,但有明显的相位移动。同时,AC-LED在不同的输入功率和频率下的结温变化显示稳态时的平均结温和结温振荡幅度都随功率的增大而线性上升,但随着频率的增大而降低。     

Apparent diffusion behaviour of intermolecular double-quantum coherence modulated by a distant dipolar field in solution NMR

A modified correlated spectroscopy (COSY) revamped with asymmetric Z-gradient echo detection sequence was designed to investigate the influence of diffusion behaviour on intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal attenuation during the pre-acquisition period. Theoretical formulas were deduced and experimental measurements and simulations were performed. It is found that the diffusion behaviour of intermolecular double-quantum coherence in the pre-acquisition period may be different from that of conventional single-quantum coherence, depending on the relative orientation of diffusion weighting gradients to coherence selection gradients. When the orientation of the diffusion weighting gradients is parallel or anti-parallel to the orientation of the coherence selection gradients, the diffusion is modulated by the distant dipolar field. This study is helpful for understanding the signal properties in intermolecular double-quantum coherence magnetic resonance imaging.     

高分辨率核磁共振纯化学位移谱新方法及其应用

核磁共振（Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,NMR）以无辐射、非入侵、高分辨率及信息丰富等特点被广泛应用在化学、生物、医药、材料等领域.纯化学位移技术,因其能大幅提高NMR重叠谱图分辨率的优良特性,近年来逐渐成为NMR领域的研究热点.本文结合作者所在团队在纯化学位移新技术及其应用研究的基础上,评述了纯化学位移技术的发展现状,及其机遇与挑战.     

Observation of intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal dips in nuclear magnetic resonance

The correlated spectroscopy revamped by asymmetric Z-gradient echo detection (CRAZED) sequence is modified to investigate intermolecular double-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance signal dips in highly polarized spin systems. It is found that the occurrence of intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal dips is related to sample geometry, field inhomogeneity and dipolar correlation distance. If the field inhomogeneity is refocused, the signal dip occurs at a fixed position whenever the dipolar correlation distance approaches the sample dimension. However, the position is shifted when the field inhomogeneity exists. Experiments and simulations are performed to validate our theoretic analysis. These signal features may offer a unique way to investigate porous structures and may find applications in biomedicine and material science.     

1.5 T磁共振化学交换饱和转移成像的影响因素分析

本文探讨1.5 T磁共振化学交换饱和转移（Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer,CEST）成像的影响因素.通过试管模型和临床病例,采用GE Signa HDe 1.5 T磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）扫描仪分别进行不同矩阵、激励次数、翻转角、磁化传递翻转角的CEST成像对比分析,以及不同激励次数、磁化传递翻转角的Z谱分析,并从成像组织、成像设备、成像技术等方面对原始图信号、酰胺质子转移（Amide Proton Transfer,APT）信号及Z谱进行分析研究.实验结果表明1.5 T MRI扫描仪的CEST图像信噪比相对较低,且磁场稳定性及均匀度影响了CEST成像的效果.在其他参数不变的情况下,降低采集矩阵和增加激励次数与翻转角可以增加原始图像信噪比.磁化传递翻转角为105°时,CEST成像效果最好.激励次数为2、磁化传递翻转角为105°时,所得数据符合组织Z谱情况.模型Z谱在磁化传递频率为-294~-194 Hz范围可显示30%谷氨酸（Glu）、碘剂（I₃₂₀）、纯水（H₂O）、肌酸（Cr）的信号差异,与H₂O差异最大处在-244~-214 Hz.原始图像信号30% I₃₂₀明显高于Glu、H₂O、Cr,Cr略低于Glu,APT图Cr略低于Glu.25例脑肿瘤的APT图呈高信号、12例脑梗塞的APT图呈低信号,CEST原始图像均可区分病变区域.有12例因采集时间、患者配合情况、环境及室温等影响导致CEST成像的失败.由此得出1.5 T场强下,CEST技术受到成像组织、设备、技术等因素的影响,需要进行多方面优化.在保证磁场稳定性及均匀度的情况下,优化参数的CEST成像和Z谱成像可以区分代谢物及其浓度.