以类水滑石为前驱体的Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂用于COx加氢合成甲醇：CO在反应混合物中的作用

近年来,催化CO₂加氢合成甲醇被视为有望解决温室效应和燃料枯竭的有效途径。目前,铜基催化剂因具有较高的反应活性被广泛应用于工业生产。然而,竞争逆水煤气变换反应产生的CO导致甲醇选择性较低,同时副产物水引起Cu发生不可逆烧结,进而降低甲醇产率。众所周知,CO能够调整分子的表面竞争吸附和活性位的氧化还原行为,本工作拟向原料气中掺入具有还原性的CO以抑制逆水煤气变换反应和防止表面氧化中毒。另一方面,通常认为铜基催化的CO₂加氢制甲醇是结构敏感性反应,不同的前驱体能够显著影响催化剂结构和形貌,进而影响催化活性。因此,我们首先通过共沉淀法和蒸氨法制备了含有类水滑石前驱体(CHT-CZA)和复合物前驱体(CNP-CZA)结构的Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂。随后,为探究CO掺杂后反应机理,在250 ℃,5 MPa的反应条件下,含有不同比例CO的原料气中(CO₂:CO:H₂:N₂ = x:(24.5 - x):72.5:3)评价两种催化剂对甲醇合成的性能。评价结果显示两种催化剂反应性能趋势相同,随着CO含量增加,CO₂转化率和STY_H2O不断降低,STY_MeOH逐渐增加。X射线光谱(XPS)显示随CO含量增加,催化剂表面还原性Cu比例增加。评价和表征结果说明CO引入抑制了逆水煤气变换反应的发生,通过还原被H₂O氧化的活性Cu表面,促使更多的活性Cu位点暴露参与甲醇合成。另一方面,透射电镜(TEM)显示掺杂的CO会过度还原而引起颗粒团聚,导致催化剂逐渐失活。相比之下,含有水滑石前驱体的催化剂在任何气氛下均表现出更加优越的反应性能和长周期稳定性。这可归因于类水滑石前驱体独特的片层结构通过结构限域作用有效避免了因CO过度还原而导致的金属颗粒团聚,从而减少活性位点损失。     

固态研磨-燃烧法制CuO-ZnO-ZrO2/HZSM-5二甲醚合成催化剂

以柠檬酸为燃烧剂,采用固态研磨-燃烧法和机械混合法制备了CuO-ZnO-ZrO2/HZSM-5CO2加氢一步合成二甲醚双功能催化剂.采用固定床反应器,在反应温度270℃、压力为3.0 MPa、空速4 200 h-1条件下,考察了催化剂对CO2加氢一步合成二甲醚的反应性能,并采用XRD、BET、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD及XPS对催化剂的结构进行了表征.评价结果表明:随柠檬酸量的增加,二甲醚选择性和收率呈峰形变化趋势;当柠檬酸的量等于化学计量比的100%时,制备的催化剂具有较好的催化性能:CO2单程转化率为24.8%、二甲醚(DME)的选择性和收率分别为35.3%和8.7%.表征结果表明:柠檬酸的量影响催化剂的比表面积、还原性能以及CuO和ZnO的晶粒尺寸等,进而影响催化剂反应性能.     

纳米Pd的形貌和尺寸可控制备及其1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能

采用化学还原法合成Pd纳米立方体,并将其作为晶种,进一步合成大尺寸的纳米Pd立方体以及具有不同{100}和{111}晶面比例的纳米Pd多面体.将形貌和尺寸可控的纳米Pd溶胶应用于1,4-丁炔二醇催化加氢的反应中,反应结果表明,纳米Pd的催化性能取决于其尺寸和形貌.{111}晶面的催化活性高于{100}晶面,PVP稳定的Pd胶体对1,4-丁烯二醇均具有较高选择性,具有适当{100}和{111}晶面比例的纳米Pd多面体对1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性可达96%.     

L-脯氨酸修饰的铱催化苯乙酮及其衍生物不对称加氢反应

在温和条件下制备了L-脯氨酸稳定并修饰的负载型金属铱催化剂,用于苯乙酮及其衍生物不对称催化加氢反应. 考察了L-脯氨酸的量、溶剂、碱以及碱的量和氢气压力对苯乙酮不对称催化加氢反应的影响. 结果显示,该催化剂催化苯乙酮不对称加氢反应获得了92.1%的转化率和32.9%的对映选择性(e.e.),催化2′-(三氟甲基)苯乙醇的对映选择性为39.3,这一结果高于目前报道的天然手性修饰剂修饰的负载型金属催化剂. 该催化循环使用5次, 对映选择性只有小幅度下降.     

SMFs-supported Pd nanocatalysts in selective acetylene hydrogenation: Pore structure-dependent deactivation mechanism

In the present study, CNFs, ZnO and Al₂O₃ were deposited on the SMFs panels to investigate the deactivation mechanism of Pd-based catalysts in selective acetylene hydrogenation reaction. The examined supports were characterized by SEM, NH₃-TPD and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms to indicate their intrinsic characteristics. Furthermore, in order to understand the mechanism of deactivation, the resulted green oil was characterized using FTIR and SIM DIS. FTIR results confirmed the presence of more unsaturated constituents and then, more branched hydrocarbons formed upon the reaction over alumina-supported catalyst in comparison with the ones supported on CNFs and ZnO, which in turn, could block the pores mouths. Besides the limited hydrogen transfer, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms results supported that the lowest pore diameters of Al₂O₃/SMFs close to the surface led to fast deactivation, compared with the other catalysts, especially at higher temperatures.     

Purified oxygen- and nitrogen-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes as metal-free catalysts for selective olefin hydrogenation

Oxygen- and nitrogen-functionalized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs and NCNTs) were applied as metal-free catalysts in selective olefin hydrogenation. A series of NCNTs was synthesized by NH₃ post-treatment of OCNTs. Temperature-programmed desorption, N₂ physisorption, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the surface properties of OCNTs and NCNTs, aiming at a detailed analysis of the type and amount of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing groups as well as surface defects. The gas-phase treatments applied for oxygen and nitrogen functionalization at elevated temperatures up to 600 °C led to the increase of surface defects, but did not cause structural damages in the bulk. NCNTs showed a clearly higher activity than the pristine CNTs and OCNTs in the hydrogenation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and also the selectivity to cyclooctene was higher. The favorable catalytic properties are ascribed to the nitrogen-containing surface functional groups as well as surface defects related to nitrogen species. In contrast, oxygen-containing surface groups and the surface defects caused by oxygen species did not show clear contribution to the hydrogenation catalysis.     

Half‐sandwich Ru (II) complexes containing (N,O) Schiff base ligands: Catalysts for base‐free transfer hydrogenation of ketones

Two new half‐sandwich Ru (II)(p‐cymene) complexes ( 1 and 2 ) containing dopamine‐based (N, O) Schiff base ligands ( L ¹ H and L ² H ) were synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR, UV–Visible and ¹H & ¹³C NMR spectral techniques, and elemental analyses. The spectroscopic and analytical data revealed monobasic bidentate coordination of the ligands with Ru ion. The molecular structures of L ¹ H , L ² H and 2 were further confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction study. Complexes 1 and 2  have been employed as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of ketones using 2‐propanol as a hydrogen source at 85 °C under base‐free condition. Good to the excellent yield of secondary alcohols, gram scale synthesis, and high TON and TOF made this catalytic system interesting.     

Pd@tetrahedral hollow magnetic nanoparticles coated with N‐doped porous carbon as an efficient catalyst for hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Hollow magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with tetrahedral morphology were synthesized and then covered by a shell prepared by coating with melamine–formaldehyde followed by the introduction of glucose‐derived carbon. Subsequently, Pd nanoparticles were immobilized and the core–shell nanocomposite was carbonized. The obtained magnetic catalyst was successfully applied for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes in aqueous media. To investigate the effects of the morphology of MNPs, the nature of carbon shell, and the order of incorporation of Pd nanoparticles, several control catalysts, including the MNPs with different morphologies (disc‐like and cylinder); MNPs coated with different shells (sole glucose‐derived carbon or melamine–formaldehyde carbon shell); and a nanocomposite, in which Pd was immobilized after carbonization, were prepared and examined as catalyst for the model reaction. To justify the observed different catalytic activities of the catalysts, their Pd loadings, leaching, and specific surface areas were compared. The results confirmed that tetrahedral MNPs coated with porous N‐rich carbon shell exhibited the best catalytic activity. The high catalytic activity of this catalyst was attributed to its high surface area and the interaction of N‐rich shell with Pd nanoparticles that led to the higher Pd loading and suppressed Pd leaching.