Catalytic Mechanisms of Transfer Hydrogenation of Azobenzene with Ammonia Borane by Pincer Bismuth Complex: Crucial Role of C=N Functional Group on the Pincer Ligand

Transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene with ammonia borane mediated by pincer bismuth complex 1 was systematically investigated through density functional theory calculations. An unusual metal-ligand cooperation mechanism was disclosed, in which the saturation/regeneration of the C=N functional group on the pincer ligand plays an essential role. The reaction is initiated by the hydrogenation of the C=N bond (saturation) with ammonia borane to afford 3^CN , which is the rate-determining step with Gibbs energy barrier (ΔG^≠) and Gibbs reaction energy (ΔG) of 25.6 and −7.3 kcal/mol, respectively. 3^CN is then converted to a Bi−H intermediate through a water-bridged pathway, which is followed up with the transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene to produce the final product N,N′-diphenylhydrazine and regenerate the catalyst. Finally, the catalyst could be improved by substituting the phenyl group for the tert-butyl group on the pincer ligand, where the ΔG^≠ value (rate-determining step) decreases to 24.0 kcal/mol.     

Pt/MIL-101(Cr)在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应中的催化性能

采用简单易行的浸渍法将Pt纳米粒子负载到MIL-101(Cr)上,制备了Pt/MIL-101(Cr)催化剂,并对其在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应的催化性能进行了研究。XRD、N₂吸附、TEM和催化性能的研究结果表明,Pt的负载量对负载于MIL-101(Cr)上Pt纳米粒子的尺寸及所制备催化剂对肉桂醇的选择性有很大影响。低Pt负载量(1.0%)的Pt/MIL-101(Cr)较其他MOFs和无机材料在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应中表现出了高的催化性能,在优化的反应条件下肉桂醛转化率和对肉桂醇的选择性可分别达96.5%和86.2%。Pt/MIL-101(Cr)催化剂具有良好的稳定性。Pt/MIL-101(Cr)所表现出的优良的催化性能同MIL-101(Cr)载体的孔道结构及其表面性质密切相关。     

负载型钌催化剂催化对苯醌制对苯二酚的研究

采用浸渍法制备了负载型高分散纳米Ru催化剂,利用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜、N2吸附-脱附实验对催化剂进行了表征,结果显示,Ru以高分散金属态存在,其平均粒径在5nm左右。考察了不同酸碱介质、催化剂与底物物质的量的比、反应温度、H2压力和反应时间对对苯二酚收率的影响。结果表明,以盐酸为反应介质,以5%Ru/AC为催化剂,nRu/AC∶n对苯醌=1∶100,反应温度30℃,H2压力3.0MPa,反应时间30min,对苯二酚的收率可达97.5%。     

Hydrogenations at Room Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure with Mesoionic Carbene‐Stabilized Borenium Catalysts

1,2,3‐Triazolylidene‐based mesoionic carbene boranes have been synthesized in a convenient one‐pot protocol from the corresponding 1,2,3‐triazolium salts, base, and borane. Borenium ions are obtained by hydride abstraction and serve as catalysts in mild hydrogenation reactions of imines and unsaturated N‐heterocycles at ambient pressure and temperature.     

A Highly cis‐Selective and Enantioselective Metal‐Free Hydrogenation of 2,3‐Disubstituted Quinoxalines

A wide range of 2,3‐disubstituted quinoxalines have been successfully hydrogenated with H₂ using borane catalysts to produce the desired tetrahydroquinoxalines in 80–99 % yields with excellent cis selectivity. Significantly, the asymmetric reaction employing chiral borane catalysts generated by the in situ hydroboration of chiral dienes with HB(C₆F₅)₂ under mild reaction conditions has also been achieved with up to 96 % ee, and represents the first catalytic asymmetric system to furnish optically active cis‐2,3‐disubstituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoxalines.     

trans‐Hydrogenation: Application to a Concise and Scalable Synthesis of Brefeldin A

The important biochemical probe molecule brefeldin A ( 1 ) has served as an inspirational target in the past, but none of the many routes has actually delivered more than just a few milligrams of product, where documented. The approach described herein is clearly more efficient; it hinges upon the first implementation of ruthenium‐catalyzed trans‐hydrogenation in natural products total synthesis. Because this unorthodox reaction is selective for the triple bond and does not touch the transannular alkene or the lactone site of the cycloalkyne, it outperforms the classical Birch‐type reduction that could not be applied at such a late stage. Other key steps en route to 1 comprise an iron‐catalyzed reductive formation of a non‐terminal alkyne, an asymmetric propiolate carbonyl addition mediated by a bulky amino alcohol, and a macrocyclization by ring‐closing alkyne metathesis catalyzed by a molybdenum alkylidyne.     

低碱度共沉淀法制备苯选择加氢Ru-Zn催化剂

在低碱度下采用共沉淀法成功制备了非负载型Ru-Zn催化剂,用于苯选择加氢制环己烯反应.固定氢氧化钠沉淀剂的量,考察了不同氯化锌加入量对催化剂结构和催化性能的影响,采用N2吸附、X射线衍射和程序升温还原等手段对催化剂进行了表征.同时考察了选用具有最佳锌含量的Ru-Zn催化剂时搅拌速度和硫酸锌添加剂等对催化反应性能的影响,最后考察了催化剂多次使用时的反应性能.研究表明, Zn含量16.7%(质量分数)的Ru-Zn催化剂具有最佳的催化性能;在ZnSO4水溶液(0.45 mol/L)中,优化反应条件(哈氏合金釜,1200 r/min,150oC, H2压5 MPa)下反应45 min,苯转化率57%时环己烯选择性可达80%(收率超过45%).钌催化剂中ZnO晶体对于环己烯选择性达到80%非常重要.催化剂回收循环反应5次时反应性能基本不变,表明低碱度下制备的催化剂具有良好的稳定性,显示了工业化应用前景.     

Lewis Acid Promoted Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Etherifications by Selective Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids/Esters

Ethers are of fundamental importance in organic chemistry and they are an integral part of valuable flavors, fragrances, and numerous bioactive compounds. In general, the reduction of esters constitutes the most straightforward preparation of ethers. Unfortunately, this transformation requires large amounts of metal hydrides. Presented herein is a bifunctional catalyst system, consisting of Ru/phosphine complex and aluminum triflate, which allows selective synthesis of ethers by hydrogenation of esters or carboxylic acids. Different lactones were reduced in good yields to the desired products. Even challenging aromatic and aliphatic esters were reduced to the desired products. Notably, the in situ formed catalyst can be reused several times without any significant loss of activity.     

Graphitic‐Carbon Layers on Oxides: Toward Stable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biomass Conversion Reactions

Conversion of biomass‐derived molecules involves catalytic reactions under harsh conditions in the liquid phase (e.g., temperatures of 250 °C and possibly under either acidic or basic conditions). Conventional oxide‐supported catalysts undergo pore structure collapse and surface area reduction leading to deactivation under these conditions. Here we demonstrate an approach to deposit graphitic carbon to protect the oxide surface. The heterogeneous catalysts supported on the graphitic carbon/oxide composite exhibit excellent stability (even under acidic conditions) for biomass conversion reactions.