循环子空间的进一步应用

以向量的极小多项式作为出发点,深入分析了循环子空间的具体结构,得到了循环子空间进一步的应用.     

例析高考中几何型应用题的解题策略

2017年江苏高考数学应用题延续前几年的命题趋势,即以几何图形为载体,考查解三角、平面解析几何、数列、函数、导数等基础知识,考查考生数学阅读、识图和计算、转化和化归、空间想象力、解决实际问题、数学建模等能力,考查数形结合、转化和化归、函数与方程、分类讨论等数学思想.     

利用空间位阻和氢溢流协同作用促进5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛

Selective hydrogenation is a vital class of reaction. Various unsaturated functional groups in organic compounds, such as aromatic rings, alkynyl (C≡C), carbonyl (C＝O), nitro (-NO₂), and alkenyl (C＝C) groups, are typical targets in selective hydrogenation. Therefore, selectivity is a key indicator of the efficiency of a designed hydrogenation reaction. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is an important platform compound in the context of biomass conversion, and recently, the hydrogenation of HMF to produce fuels and other valuable chemicals has received significant attention. Controlling the selectivity of HMF hydrogenation is paramount because of the different reducible functional groups (C＝O, C-OH, and C＝C) in HMF. Moreover, the exploration of new routes for hydrogenating HMF to valuable chemicals is becoming attractive. 5-Methylfurfural (MF) is also an important organic compound; thus, the selective hydrogenation of HMF to MF is an essential synthetic route. However, this reaction has challenging thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, making it difficult to realize. Herein, we propose a strategy to design a highly efficient catalytic system for selective hydrogenation by exploiting the synergy between steric hindrance and hydrogen spillover. The design and preparation of the Pt@PVP/Nb₂O₅ catalyst (PVP = polyvinyl pyrrolidone; Nb₂O₅ = niobium(V) oxide) were also conducted. Surprisingly, HMF could be converted to MF with 92% selectivity at 100% HMF conversion. The reaction pathway was revealed through the combination of control experiments and density functional theory calculations. Although PVP blocked HMF from accessing the surface of Pt, hydrogen (H₂) could be activated on the surface of Pt due to its small molecular size, and the activated H₂ could migrate to the surface of Nb₂O₅ through a phenomenon called H₂ spillover. The Lewis acidic surface of Nb₂O₅ could not adsorb the C＝O group but could adsorb and activate the C-OH group of HMF; therefore, when HMF was adsorbed on Nb₂O₅, the C-OH groups were hydrogenated by the spilled over H₂ to form MF. The high selectivity of this reaction was realized because of the unique combination of steric effects, hydrogen spillover, and tuning of the electronic states of the Pt and Nb₂O₅ surfaces. This new route for producing MF has great potential for practical application owing to its discovered advantages. We believe that this novel strategy can be used to design catalysts for other selective hydrogenation reactions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a significant breakthrough in selective hydrogenation, which will be of interest to researchers working on the utilization of biomass, organic synthesis, catalysis, and other related fields.      

超高效液相色谱法测定食品接触材料制品中1,1′-磺酰基二（4-氯苯）和4,4′-联苯二酚的迁移量

参考GB 5009.156-2016和GB 31604.1-2015,以水、4%(体积分数)乙酸溶液、10%(体积分数)乙醇溶液、20%(体积分数)乙醇溶液、50%(体积分数)乙醇溶液、95%(体积分数,下同)乙醇溶液、异辛烷等食品模拟物浸泡聚苯砜材质的水杯、奶瓶、螺纹口和涂层罐,前5种食品模拟物的浸泡液直接过0.22μm滤膜,滤液采用超高效液相色谱法(UHPLC)分析。分取95%乙醇溶液和异辛烷浸泡液各10mL,于50℃,5 000Pa条件下旋转蒸发至近干,用70%(体积分数)甲醇溶液溶解、定容至10mL,过0.22μm滤膜,滤液采用UHPLC分析。以ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱作固定相,以不同体积比甲醇和水的混合溶液作流动相进行梯度洗脱,在检测波长247nm下进行检测。结果显示,7种食品模拟物中的两种目标物可在6.500min以内实现完全分离,其中1,1′-磺酰基二(4-氯苯)和4,4′-联苯二酚的质量浓度分别在0.03～0.40mg·L^-1和0.3～4.0mg·L^-1内与峰面积呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)分别为0...     

基于H型芴基小分子的双极性有机场效应晶体管存储器

从空间位阻角度出发,设计并合成了H型芴基小分子材料3Ph-TrH,并通过溶液加工方法制备了将其作为电荷捕获层的浮栅型有机场效应晶体管(OFET)存储器.结果表明,该器件的空穴和电子存储窗口分别为31.2和11.6V,实现了基于单个小分子材料的双极性电荷存储.为了提高器件的稳定性,进一步制备了基于3Ph-TrH与聚苯乙烯(PS)掺杂薄膜的浮栅型OFET存储器.测试结果显示,该器件比基于3Ph-TrH作为单组分电荷捕获层的器件具有更高的稳定性和耐受性,在10000s的维持时间测试后,该器件的电流开关比还能维持在1.1×10³.该工作为制备新型双极性电荷存储的OFET存储器提供了一条思路.     

基于高光谱的黑色签字笔墨水种类鉴别方法研究

该文提出了高光谱成像技术结合机器学习快速无损鉴别黑色签字笔墨水种类的新方法。采集36支不同品牌型号的黑色签字笔笔迹的高光谱图像,对每支签字笔笔迹的高光谱图像选取18个感兴趣区域,共提取648个平均光谱作为样本集。对450～950 nm的原始光谱进行Savitzky－Golay平滑、Z－Score标准化和两种组合方法光谱预处理,使用线性判别分析（LDA）和随机子空间－线性判别分析（RSM－LDA）分别构建黑色签字笔墨水种类鉴别模型。实验结果表明：不同预处理方法对RSM－LDA模型的鉴别准确率影响较小,而对于LDA模型,组合预处理具有更优的鉴别准确率;相比LDA模型,RSM－LDA模型分类效果更佳,训练集的平均分类准确率达100%,交叉验证平均分类准确率达99.09%,测试集的平均分类准确率达90.70%,每类样本的准确率、精准率、召回率均高于LDA模型分类结果,模型的接受者操作特征曲线下方面积（AUC值）达0.998 3,模型性能良好。因此,采用高光谱成像技术结合RSM－LDA可实现不同品牌型号黑色签字笔墨水的快速无损鉴别。     

三种测定蛋白质热稳定性方法的比较

蛋白质的热稳定性一般使用热变性中点温度(melting temperature,T_m)来表示,即蛋白质解折叠50%时的温度. 测定蛋白质T_m值的常用方法有差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)、圆二色光谱法(circular dichroism,CD)和差示扫描荧光法(differential scanning fluorimetry,DSF)等. 为了比较不同方法的检测特点和效果,选择了5种具有不同结构特点的蛋白,分别使用上述方法对其T_m值进行测定. 结果发现,三种方法测得的T_m值整体上较为一致,但也存在一定的差异. 研究还发现,结构更复杂的蛋白,并不一定具有更多T_m值.     

脑胶质瘤磁共振弥散张量成像定量参数与VEGF、MMP-9表达的相关性

本研究旨在分析脑胶质瘤患者的磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)参数与病变组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达的相关性,以及DTI参数对脑胶质瘤进行分级诊断的价值。根据病理分级将102例脑胶质瘤患者分为低级别组(47例)和高级别组(55例),均行MRI和DTI检查,定量测定表观弥散系数(ADC)、各向异性分数(FA)、相对ADC(rADC)、相对FA(rFA)值及相对轴向扩散系数(rAD)值;用免疫组化法检测VEGF和MMP-9表达情况。结果显示,高级别组患者的rADC、ADC、rAD、FA、rFA均低于低级别组(P<0.05);高级别组患者的VEGF和MMP-9阳性表达均高于低级别组(P<0.05)。rADC、ADC、rAD、FA、rFA与VEGF和MMP-9表达均呈负相关(P<0.05);rADC、ADC、rAD、FA、rFA对脑胶质瘤分级诊断的AUC均具有一定诊断价值(P<0.05)。本研究结果提示DTI定量参数与脑胶质瘤VEGF和MMP-9表达具有相关性,且有助于脑胶质瘤的分级诊断。     

全自动红外吸收光谱法测定硫化矿矿石中全硫量

近年来,随着全自动红外测硫仪的快速发展,仪器性能的升级优化,加之对固体矿物质种类和高硫含量检测技术有了新的技术突破。因此将全自动红外测硫仪应用于硫化矿矿石中全硫量的测定,采用国家硫矿石标准样品中不同段的硫含量(标准值),建立标准工作曲线,再结合实际样品校正该曲线,建立了一种用全自动红外吸收光谱法测定硫化矿矿石中全硫量的检测方法。方法的主要特点是包括样品称量在内的整个测试过程由计算机控制自动完成,自动化程度极高,分析时间短,结果准确、可靠。选取当地不同矿物特性的8个样品,测定的相对标准偏差RSD(n=11)均小于2.5%,样品加标回收率为86.2%~117%,与化学法(空气或氧气燃烧-碘量法)测定结果对照,测定结果都在允许误差范围内,完全能够满足日常硫化矿矿石中全硫含量的检测要求。     

水对Ni/MgAlO催化丙酮加氢的影响

研究了H2O对Ni/MgAlO催化剂上丙酮加氢为异丙醇的催化反应的影响。结果发现,在丙酮中添加少量H2O可提高丙酮转化率,但超过5%的H2O量则会显著降低催化剂活性。吸附量热结果表明,催化剂表面吸附少量H2O会明显降低异丙醇的吸附热,但对丙酮吸附热的影响较小,这也许是反应体系中少量的H2O能促进丙酮加氢活性的原因之一。当催化剂表面吸附较多H2O后,丙酮、异丙醇和H2的吸附热都降低了,因此反而抑制了丙酮的加氢反应。此外,红外光谱结果表明,预吸附水抑制了催化剂表面异丙醇脱氢生成丙酮,并抑制吸附的丙酮在表面生成烯醇盐或异丙叉丙酮等物种,这也许是少量水能促进丙酮加氢生成异丙醇的另一个重要原因。