Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites in crops by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography/Diode array detection

Summary A multiresidue method for the analysis of 28 common organophosphorus pesticides and 3 of their main metabolites (paraoxon-ethyl, paraoxon-methyl and malaoxon) in a variety of crop samples has been developed. An aliquot of the chopped sample is homogenized with an organic solvent. The efficiency of extraction methods using methanol, acetone and acetonitrile was evaluated. The acetonitrile gives higher recoveries and minimizes co-extractives from the samples matrix. The resulting aqueous acetonitrile extract is filtered and cleaned by solid phase extraction (SPE). For SPE three different types of adsorption materials (Carbograph 1, LiChrobut-EN and Amberchrom CG-161m) were compared. The cleaned-up extract is injected into the LC system. Three different analytical columns were tested in conjunction with two mobile phase compositions of different polarity. The use of LC-DAD techniques allowed the identification of both organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites by means of standard and spectral comparison, respectively. The accuracy of the quantitative determination measured in terms of average percentage recovery of 31 compounds in crop samples was 61–96% with a relative standard deviation of 5–10%.     

QuEChERS-分散液液微萃取/气相色谱-串联质谱法高通量快速检测蔬果中152种农药残留

建立了QuEChERS-分散液液微萃取(DLLME)/气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)高通量同时测定蔬果中152种农药残留的分析方法。蔬果样品采用QuEChERS方法经乙腈提取,离心后取上清液加微量三氯甲烷(CHCl_3)进行DLLME,提取液以电子轰击电离源(EI)/气相色谱-串联质谱法选择反应监测模式(SRM)测定。结果显示,152种农药(含异构体)在5.0～200μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均在0.995以上;在低、中、高3个加标浓度水平下的回收率为60.6%～119%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.5%～20%;方法检出限为0.14～2.3μg/kg,定量下限为0.45～7.7μg/kg。该方法操作简单、样品和溶剂用量少,定性准确,灵敏度高,适用于蔬果等新鲜农产品中高通量多农残快速筛查检测。     

Derivatization of Humic Compounds: An Analytical Approach for Bound Organic Residues

Abstract

Bound residues of pesticides and their metabolites are defined as being nonextractable with organic solvents, but partly extractable together with the humic matrix by NaOH or other solvents suitable to extract humic compounds. Recently, an improvement in humus extraction from soils was achieved upon derivatization of the organic matter with silylating reagents at room temperature. By this method 70–90% of the organic carbon or nitrogen either from soil or from humin became soluble in organic solvents. The extracts were analyzed by means of ¹³C NMR-spectroscopy. The spectra were well resolved with signal-separation of less than 1 ppm. The extracted humic compounds were of rather low molecular weight, ranging from 300 to 4000 to 6000 d or more.

¹⁴C-labeled residues of pesticides or other xenobiotics found to be nonextractable after exhaustive organic solvent extraction became readily dissolved along with most of the humic matrix using this derivatization procedure. Between 60–80% of ¹⁴C anilazine residues or of ¹⁴C-labeled chlorinated phenols or anilines originating from both previously solvent extracted soil samples or from humin became solubilized in organic solvents.     

浊点萃取-高效液相色谱法测定草莓汁中的多种农药残留

建立了浊点萃取(CPE)对草莓汁中的7种农药(克百威、异丙威、甲霜灵、杀扑磷、敌草隆、烯酰吗啉和苯噻酰草胺)进行萃取富集,然后用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器进行检测分析的方法。所用的表面活性剂为非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单月桂酸酯(Tween-20),该表面活性剂在一定条件下能够对分析物进行提取与富集。实验确定了CPE方法的优化条件:Tween-20的浓度为3%(V/V)、硫酸钠和正丁醇的浓度分别为12%(W/V)和5%(V/V)、平衡温度为50℃以及平衡时间为40min;色谱条件:流动相为V(甲醇)∶V(水)=70∶30,流速为0.6mL/min,检测波长为215nm。在上述实验条件下,在草莓汁样品的平均加标回收率为80.5%～92.8%,检出限是0.9～2.1μg/kg。     

利用有机改性的类水滑石缓释阿维菌素

采用蒸发溶剂促进插层(evaporating solvent enhanced intercalation)的方法把农药阿维菌素(Avermectin, AVM)插层到十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)改性的类水滑石(Hydrotalcite-like compound, HTlc)层间，合成了AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物。研究发现其能够很好的控制阿维菌素的释放，表明AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物是一种很有潜力的农药控释剂型。AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物的释放受pH、温度和电解质的影响，酸性介质、较高温度以及有电解质存在会提高其缓释速率。释放过程符合准一级释放动力学，释放的活化能为279 kJ/mol。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定土壤试样中的阿特拉津

报道一种高灵敏度，高重现性的酶联免疫吸附分析法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对土壤试样中阿特拉津的测定。测定的线性范围为０．０５￣５．０μｇ／Ｌ，由１４条标准曲线求得的最低检出限在０．０１８￣０．２４μｇ／Ｌ之间，线性相关系数ｒ＝０．９９２２。加标土样分别用含水甲醇和含水乙腈提取的效率都接近１００％，提取液用重蒸水１：２００稀释后可消除基质效应和溶剂效应的影响，加标平均回收率为９９．６％。     

仲钨酸盐A柱撑化合物Mg12Al6(OH)36(W7O24)·4H2O的合成及其光催化性能研究

光催化降解水中有机污染物并使之矿化为无机物的技术正在引起众多学者的关注[1～3]. 目前, 两类主要的光催化剂为半导体金属氧簇和多金属氧酸盐簇(POM). 然而, 这两类催化剂在使用过程中都存在着催化剂难以回收的缺点. 将POM嵌入层柱双氢氧化物(LDH)中制备POM柱撑化合物是固载POM的有效途径之一[4]. 均相体系中仲钨酸盐A(W7O6-24)的光化学活性已有研究, 它可使22种卤代烃完全降解和矿化[5]. 本文通过阴离子交换反应制备了水不溶性的仲钨酸盐A柱撑化合物Mg12Al6(OH)36(W7O24)*4H2O(缩为Mg2Al-W7), 所用前躯体为Mg4Al2(OH)12TA*xH2O (简写为Mg2Al-TA, TA2-= 对苯二甲酸根离子). Mg2Al-W7在非均相体系中的光化学行为通过水溶液中有机氯杀虫剂六六六(C6H6Cl6, 用HCH表示)的降解与矿化进行了研究. 据报道, 由于六六六非常稳定和难于降解, 目前农田中仍存在数以千吨计的残留的六六六, 国外文献近期仍在报道TiO2光催化降解六六六的方法[6,7]. 我们的研究表明, Mg2Al-W7对降解及矿化六六六有活性, 且催化剂易于分离回收, 并可用于再循环. 这些特点为Mg2Al-W7光催化降解水中其它有机污染物的研究与应用奠定了基础.     

微波辅助液液微萃取-气相色谱-质谱分析蔬菜、水果中的多种拟除虫菊酯残留

将微波辅助萃取同液液微萃取技术相结合,利用气相色谱-质谱分析技术,结合时间编程-选择离子检测模式,开发了一种简捷、实用、回收率高的蔬菜、水果中多种拟除虫菊酯残留的检测技术。该技术同当前执行的国标方法相比,有机溶剂用量少,操作简便,提取液无须严格净化便可进行GC／MS分析,大大提高了分析速度。经基体标准加入回收实验,除联苯菊酯外,其他9种菊酯的10ng／g的加样回收率均在75％以上,且在国标要求的最大残留限量附近有良好的线性关系,能满足当前蔬菜、水果中拟除虫菊酯残留的检测要求。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定水果中50种农药残留

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱测定水果中50种农药残留的分析方法。考察了无缓冲盐体系、乙酸盐缓冲体系和柠檬酸盐缓冲体系提取水果中50种农药的有效性,并对比了乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）吸附剂净化和SinChERS-Nano柱净化两种净化方法。结果表明,存在缓冲盐体系的QuEChERS方法提取效果更好且两种缓冲盐体系无明显差别,最后选择乙酸盐缓冲体系;通过比较净化效果和总离子流色谱图,发现SinChERS-Nano柱净化的效果更好。对50种农药进行加标回收试验,发现甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、氧化乐果、三氯杀螨醇、百菌清这5种农药回收率为71.2~129.2%,其他45种农药的回收率为79.1~122.3%。方法的检出限（LOD）为0.3~3.0 μ g/kg;定量限（LOQ）为1.0~10.0 μ g/kg。该方法适用于柑橘、葡萄等水果中50种农药残留的快速筛查分析。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定8种花草茶中77种农药残留

以QuEChERS作为样品前处理手段,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）检测技术,建立了适用于8种花草茶中77种农药残留同时检测的方法。8种花草茶样品均采用1%（v/v）乙酸乙腈溶液和1 g乙酸铵提取,经4 g无水硫酸镁、0.50 g C18、0.50 g N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）和0.05 g石墨化炭黑（GCB）分散萃取净化,然后采用Venusil MP C18色谱柱分离,以0.1%（v/v）甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,在电喷雾电离（ESI）源、正负离子交替扫描模式下进行检测,基质匹配标准溶液定量。结果表明,77种农药在0.5~100.0 μ g/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.995;77种农药的加标回收率为70.3%~110.0%,相对标准偏差为2.6%~9.8%,检出限为1.0~10.0 μ g/kg。该法灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合相关农药残留测定的技术要求。