基于粒子滤波的运动目标光电定位仿真研究

运动目标的光电定位不能像静止目标那样简单做均值滤波，鉴于此，引入粒子滤波算法，它不仅可以应用于线性系统，而且还适用于非线性系统。结合光电定位需求，详细推导了计算公式及初值和参数选取公式，对只含测量噪声以及含有测量和运动噪声等的海面运动目标光电无源定位算法进行了仿真计算，验证了算法的有效性，讨论了噪声强度对滤波效果的影响，滤波参数选择对滤波效果的影响，目标运动方式对滤波跟随性的影响，重采样算法对滤波效果的影响等。所得结论为:粒子滤波可用于运动目标光电定位过程，可有效降低定位误差；粒子滤波算法具有较强鲁棒性，适用于噪声较大、目标运动形态变化大等情况。     

一类分数阶Langevin方程block-by-block算法的数值分析

分数阶Langevin方程有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值，基于经典block-by-block算法，求解了一类含有Caputo导数的分数阶Langevin方程的数值解.Block-by-block算法通过引入二次Lagrange基函数插值，构造出逐块收敛的非线性方程组，通过在每一块耦合求得分数阶Langevin方程的数值解.在0<α<1条件下，应用随机Taylor展开证明block-by-block算法是3+α阶收敛的，数值试验表明在不同α和时间步长h取值下，block-by-block算法具有稳定性和收敛性，克服了现有方法求解分数阶Langevin方程速度慢精度低的缺点，表明block-by-block算法求解分数阶Langevin方程是高效的.     

A filter method for nonlinear semidefinite programming with global convergence

In this study, a new filter algorithm is presented for solving the nonlinear semidefinite programming. This algorithm is inspired by the classical sequential quadratic programming method. Unlike the traditional filter methods, the sufficient descent is ensured by changing the step size instead of the trust region radius. Under some suitable conditions, the global convergence is obtained. In the end, some numerical experiments are given to show that the algorithm is effective.     

基于S-R和分解定理的几何非线性问题的数值计算分析

为了探究几何非线性问题的数值求解方法,采用理论推导、MATLAB编程计算、有限元模拟相结合的方法,基于S-R和分解定理及更新拖带坐标描述法,运用插值型无单元Galerkin方法对几何非线性问题的增量变分方程进行了推导,并通过四点Gauss积分法和不动点迭代法对其进行求解.最后以平面悬臂梁的大变形问题为例进行求解计算,发现与ANSYS的计算结果拟合相似度很高,说明了所采用的几何非线性力学理论及数值计算方法的正确性和合理性,为求解几何非线性问题提供了一种新的依据.     

具有缺失数据的Eichhorn模型

为了解决在Eichhorn乘法扰动模型中存在的项目无回答问题,对敏感变量总体均值在辅助变量总体均值已知与未知条件下提出了比率插补方法.理论比较和数值模拟得出的结果表明提出的插补方法比传统的方法效率更高.     

面向无机材料专业的案例式分析化学教学探索与实践

化学分析在建筑材料试验检测中发挥着重要的作用,因此学好分析化学对无机非金属材料工程专业的学生来讲十分必要。本文探索了面向无机非金属材料工程专业的案例式分析化学教学模式,将化学分析在建筑材料试验检测中的应用案例融入课程中,促进专业基础课程和专业的有效衔接;通过采取对比法和联想法等多种教学设计,引导学生积极参与到课程中来,加深学生对理论知识的理解,增强学生对分析化学在本专业中实用性和必要性的认识,做到因材施教和因需施教。     

活性导向的化学探针在氨基酸反应活性表征中的应用进展

原创药物的研制得益于蛋白质新靶标的发现,而新靶标的发现依赖于高可信度、高通量的药物-蛋白质相互作用分析方法。蛋白质作为生命功能的执行者,其表达量、空间定位与结构差异直接影响药效的发挥。目前,超过85%的蛋白质尚被认为是无法成药的,主要原因是缺少药物分子靶向的空腔以及相应的反应活性位点。因此,基于蛋白质组学层次实现对氨基酸反应活性位点的表征成为原创共价靶向药物设计的关键,也是克服难以成药靶标蛋白问题的关键。近年来,质谱技术的飞速发展极大地推动了基于蛋白质组学技术的药物-靶蛋白相互作用研究。其中基于活性的蛋白质组分析(ABPP)策略是利用活性位点导向的化学探针分子在复杂样品中实现功能状态酶和药物靶标等蛋白质的检测。基于化学探针的开发和质谱定量技术的发展,ABPP技术在氨基酸反应活性表征研究中展现出重要的应用潜力,将助力于药物新靶标的发现和药物先导化合物的开发。ABPP策略主要基于蛋白质的活性特征进行富集,活性探针作为ABPP策略的核心,近年来取得了飞速进展。该文回顾了ABPP策略的发展历程,重点介绍基于广谱活性探针的ABPP技术在多种氨基酸反应活性筛选领域的研究进展,并对其在药物靶点发现中...     

硼、磷共掺杂铁钴双金属材料的制备及其电催化析氧性能

采用一步水热法合成了硼、磷共掺杂铁钴材料(Fe-Co-B-P)。借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等技术对所合成材料的形貌、结构和组成进行表征。利用线性扫描伏安(LSV)、循环伏安(CV)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等技术研究材料电化学析氧反应(OER)性能。结果表明,Fe-Co-B-P表面疏松且粗糙,颗粒间有许多空隙。在电流密度为10和100 mA·cm^-2时,其过电势分别为278和309 mV,Tafel斜率为24 mV·dec^-1,说明该材料具有较优的电催化析氧性能。其在连续进行10 h的计时电位测试过程中,电势基本保持在1.55 V(vs RHE),表明该催化剂具有较好的电化学稳定性。这是由于铁钴双金属与硼、磷非金属之间的协同作用促进了电子的传递。     

泡沫镍铁合金自支撑NiFeOOH纳米片的制备及析氧性能研究

电催化析氧反应(OER)是电解水制氢的重要半电池反应。然而,OER的缓慢动力学仍需研究高效的电催化剂。在非贵金属催化剂中,NiFe基材料是OER催化剂研究热点。本文通过食人鱼溶液简单一步浸渍刻蚀法将不同Fe含量的泡沫NiFe合金进行氧化,制备了表面具有纳米片形貌的NiFeOOH自支撑电催化剂,并深入研究其电催化析氧性能。通过SEM、XRD、XPS等对电催化剂的形貌结构及成分进行表征,证实了三维多孔基底上NiFeOOH纳米片结构的形成。由于高价镍、铁物种的存在以及二维纳米片结构的生成,NiFeOOH/NF的析氧性能大幅度提高,在10 mA?cm-2的电流密度下过电位仅155.68 mV,Tafel斜率为 88.2 mV?dec-1。这为研制高效、耐用的自支撑非贵金属电极提供了新思路。     

纳米SiC基光催化剂研究进展

Industrialization undoubtedly boosts economic development and improves the standard of living; however, it also leads to some serious problems, including the energy crisis, environmental pollution, and global warming. These problems are associated with or caused by the high carbon dioxide (CO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. Photocatalysis is considered one of the most promising technologies for eliminating these problems because of the possibility of converting CO₂ into hydrocarbon fuels and other valuable chemicals using solar energy, hydrogen (H₂) production from water (H₂O) electrolysis, and degradation of pollutants. Among the various photocatalysts, silicon carbide (SiC) has great potential in the fields of photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and electrocatalysis because of its good electrical properties and photoelectrochemistry. This review is divided into six sections: introduction, fundamentals of nanostructured SiC, synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, applications of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, and conclusions and prospects. The fundamentals of nanostructured SiC include its physicochemical characteristics. It possesses a range of unique physical properties, such as extreme hardness, high mechanical stability at high temperatures, a low thermal expansion coefficient, wide bandgap, and superior thermal conductivity. It also possesses exceptional chemical characteristics, such as high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC have been systematically summarized as follows: Template growth, sol-gel, organic precursor pyrolysis, solvothermal synthesis, arc discharge, carbon thermal reduction, and electrospinning. These synthesis methods require high temperatures, and the reaction mechanism involves SiC formation via the reaction between carbon and silicon oxide. In the section of the review involving the strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, seven strategies are discussed, viz., element doping, construction of Z-scheme (or S-scheme) systems, supported co-catalysts, visible photosensitization, construction of semiconductor heterojunctions, supported carbon materials, and construction of nanostructures. All of these strategies, except element doping and visible photosensitization, concentrate on enhancing the separation of holes and electrons, while suppressing their recombination, thus improving the photocatalytic performance of the nanostructured SiC photocatalysts. Regarding the element doping and visible photosensitization strategies, element doping can narrow the bandgap of SiC, which generates more holes and electrons to improve photocatalytic activity. On the other hand, the principle of visible photosensitization is that photo-induced electrons move from photosensitizers to the conduction band of SiC to participate in the reaction, thus enhancing the photocatalytic performance. In the section on the applications of nanostructured SiC, photocatalytic H₂ production, pollutant degradation, CO₂ reduction, photoelectrocatalytic, and electrocatalytic applications will be discussed. The mechanism of a photocatalytic reaction requires the SiC photocatalyst to produce photo-induced electrons and holes during irradiation, which participate in the photocatalytic reaction. For example, photo-induced electrons can transform protons into H₂, as well as CO₂ into methane, methanol, or formic acid. Furthermore, photo-induced holes can convert organic waste into H₂O and CO₂. For photoelectrocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications, SiC is used as a catalyst under high temperatures and highly acidic or basic environments because of its remarkable physicochemical characteristics, including low thermal expansion, superior thermal conductivity, and high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The last section of the review will reveal the major obstacles impeding the industrial application of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, such as insufficient visible absorption, slow reaction kinetics, and hard fabrication, as well as provide some ideas on how to overcome these obstacles.